Brecha salarial de género: un análisis del mercado laboral de Cali-Colombia y su Área Metropolitana
Palabras clave:
mercado laboral, características productivas, brecha salarial, educación, horas trabajadas
Resumen
Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la brecha salarial por género en el mercado laboral de Cali y su área metropolitana durante el tercer trimestre de 2023. Se utilizan los microdatos de la Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares (GEIH, 2023) y se implementa el modelo econométrico Blinder & Oaxaca (1973) para calcular la diferencia de salarios. Las variables consideradas incluyen educación, experiencia laboral, horas de trabajo y dedicación al cuidado de niños. Los resultados indican que los hombres presentan características individuales más favorables, como mayor educación y experiencia, lo que se traduce en salarios más altos. Por otro lado, las mujeres enfrentan desventajas en estas características, lo que resulta en salarios más bajos. Aunque parte de la brecha salarial se explica por diferencias observables, la discriminación de género y las expectativas sociales también influyen. En conclusión, este estudio destaca la necesidad de políticas que promuevan la igualdad de oportunidades y sensibilización para lograr una distribución equitativa de los ingresos en el mercado laboral de Cali.
Citas
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Akerlof, G. A., & Yellen, J. L. (1986). Efficiency Wage Models of the Labor Market. Cambridge University Press.
Becker, G. S. (1964). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education (1a ed.). Columbia University Press, for the National Bureau of Economic Research, New York. http://www.nber.org/books/beck-5
Becker, G. S. (1971). The Economics of Discrimination (2a ed.). The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Becker, G. S. (1987). Tratado Sobre la Familia. Alianza Editorial.
Berheide, C. (22 of november of 1992). At work; And now the ‘sticky floor’. The New York Times, pág. 23. https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/22/business/at-work-and-now-the-sticky-floor.html
Bessen, J., Denk, E., & Meng, C. (2024). Perpetuating wage inequality: evidence from salary history bans. The Journal of Economic Inequality. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-023-09610-9
Blau, F. D., & Kahn, L. M. (2017). The gender wage gap: Extent, trends, and explanations. Journal of Economic Literature, 55(3), 789-865. doi:10.1257/jel.20160995.
Blinder, A., & Oaxaca, R. (1973). The Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition for linear regression models. The Stata Journal, 8(4), 453-479. https://www.stata-journal.com/article.html?article=st0151
Brands, R., Ertug, G., Fonti, F., y Tasselli, S. (2022). Theorizing gender in social network research: What we do and what we can do differently. Academy of Management Annals, 16(2), 588-620. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2020.0370
Cerezo García, V., & Landa Díaz, H. O. (2023). El teorema Stolper-Samuelson, brecha salarial y liberalización comercial: análisis comparativo de México y Estados Unidos, 1990-2020. Investigación económica, 82(323), 105-131. https://doi.org/10.22201/fe.01851667p.2023.323.84380
Chu, Y., Li, Y., & Che, M. (2024). Population aging and the dynamics of the skill income gap: An analysis of a multiple mediation effect. Finance Research Letters, 62, 105242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2024.105242
Clark, R. (2023). Within, Between, and Beyond: A New Approach to Examining World Income Inequality. Social Forces, 102(2), 403–429. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soad051
Cuellar, C. Y., & Moreno, J. O. (2022). Employment, wages, and the gender gap in Mexico: Evidence of three decades of the urban labor market. Latin American Journal of Central Banking, 3(2), 100055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.latcb.2022.100055
Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística- DANE (2023). Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares-GEIH [Base de datos]. https://microdatos.dane.gov.co//catalog/701/get_microdata
Francis, D. V., Hardy, B. L., & Jones, D. (2022). Black Economists on Race and Policy: Contributions to Education, Poverty and Mobility, and Public Finance. Journal of Economic Literature, 60(2), 454–493. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20211686
Fine, B., & Saad-Filho, A. (2018). Marx 200: the abiding relevance of the labour theory of value. Review of Political Economy, 30(3), 339-354.
García-Cabrera, A. M., & Cedres-Hernández, Y. (2024). Igualdad de género en el mercado laboral: Retos y cambio institucional. Revista De Ciencias Sociales, 30(1), 77-96. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v30i1.41639
Galvis, L. A. (2010). Diferenciales salariales por género y región en Colombia: Una aproximación con regresión por cuantiles. Revista de Economía del Rosario. 13(2), 235-277. https://revistas.urosario.edu.co/index.php/economia/article/view/2193
Greer, T. W., y Carden, L. L. (2021). Exploring the gender wage gap among project managers: A multi-national analysis of human capital and national policies. International Journal of Project Management, 39(1), 21-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2020.09.004
Goldin, C. (2014). A grand gender convergence: Its last chapter. American Economic Review, 104(4), 1091-1119. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.4.1091
Goldin, C., Kerr, S. P., Olivetti, C., & Barth, E. (2017). The expanding gender earnings gap: Evidence from the LEHD-2000 Census. American Economic Review, 107(5), 110-114. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44250371
Heiskala, L., Erola, J., & Kilpi-Jakonen, E. (2021). Compensatory and multiplicative advantages: Social origin, school performance, and stratified higher education enrolment in Finland. European Sociological Review, 37(2), 171-185. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcaa046
Heckman, J. (1979). Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error. Econométrica, 47(1), 153–161. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912352
Hernández Colino, G. (2016). Brecha salarial de género en la Unión Europea [Tesis de grado, Universidad de La Laguna]. RIULL-Repositorio Institucional Universidad de La Laguna. http://riull.ull.es/xmlui/handle/915/2724
Hussain, H. I., Kamarudin, F., Anwar, N. A. M., Ali, M., Turner, J. J., & Somasundram, S. A. (2023). Does income inequality influence the role of a sharing economy in promoting sustainable economic growth? Fresh evidence from emerging markets. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 8(2), 100348.
Ibarra‐Olivo, J. E., & Rodríguez‐Pose, A. (2022). FDI and the growing wage gap in Mexican municipalities. Papers in Regional Science, 101(6), 1411–1440.https://doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12707
Jacobo, J. E. (2020). Labor theory of value and the principle of maximun entropy. Revista de Economía Institucional, 22(43), 119-135.
Jabbaz, M., Samper-Gras, T., & Díaz, C. (2019). La brecha salarial de género en las instituciones científicas. Estudio de caso. Convergencia, 26(80), 1-24. https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1405-14352019000200008
Keynes, J. M. (1936). The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. Macmillan.
Li, L., Zeng, Y., Ye, Z., & Guo, H. (2021). E‐commerce development and urban‐rural income gap: Evidence from Zhejiang Province, China. Papers in Regional Science, 100(2), 475–495. https://doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12571
Lin, B., & Wang, Y. (2024). How does the natural disasters affect urban-rural income gap? Empirical evidence from China. Energy, 295, 131067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.131067
Loden, M. (1978). Marilyn Loden, the woman who invented the expression “glass ceiling”. BBC News Mundo. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-42338736#:~:text=La%20consultora%20de%20%C3%A1mbito%20laboral,las%20aspiraciones%20de%20las%20mujeres
Morrison, A. M., White, R. P., & Van Velsor, E. (1987). Breaking the glass ceiling: Can women reach the top of America’s largest corporations? Addison-Wesley.
Okun, A. M. (1981). Prices and Quantities: A Macroeconomic Analysis. Brookings Institution Press.
Perez-Laborda, A., & Perez-Sebastian, F. (2020). Capital-skill complementarity and biased technical change across US sectors. Journal of macroeconomics, 66, 103255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2020.103255
Phelps, E. S. (1972). The Statistical Theory of Racism and Sexism. The American Economic Review, 62(4), 659-661. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1806107
Quiñones Domínguez, M., & Rodríguez Sinisterra, J. A. (2011). Rendimiento de la educación en las regiones colombianas: un análisis usando la Descomposición Oaxaca-Blinder. Sociedad y Economía, (20), 37-68.
Quispe Ortogorin, D. (2024). Brecha salarial de género y violencia doméstica contra las mujeres: el caso peruano. Revista Desarrollo Y Sociedad, 96, 39-63. https://doi.org/10.13043/DYS.96.2
Rembeza, J., y Radlińska, K. (2021). Labor market discrimination–are women still more secondary workers? Journal of Business Economics and Management, 22(1), 77-97. https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2020.13648
Ricardo, D. (2005). La teoría del valor trabajo. En R. B. Ekelund, & R. F. Hébert, Historia de la teoría económica y de su método. (3a ed.) (págs. 159-162). McGRAW-HILL.
Samper-Gras, T., Jabbaz, M., Tomás, S., & Ferrer, A. (2021). ¡No son las criaturas, es la Academia! Brechas salariales de género y carrera investigadora en la Universidad. Asparkía, (39), 165-184. https://doi.org/10.6035/asparkia.4600
Schein, V. E. (1973). The relationship between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 57(2), 95-100. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0037128
Sempat, C. (2020). The problem of theoretical practice in Marxist historical production. El trimestre económico, 87(347), 837-856. https://doi.org/10.20430/ete.v87i347.1118
Simó-Noguera, C. X., Mondragón-García, E., Carbonell-Asins, J. A., & Romero-Crespo, J. A. (2023). La observación de la brecha salarial de género ajustada. En busca de la discriminación directa en España. Revista Internacional de Sociología, 81(3), e233-e233. https://doi.org/10.3989/ris.2023.81.3.22.00490
Si, C., Nadolnyak, D., & Hartarska, V. (2021). The gender wage gap in developing countries. Applied Economics and Finance, 8(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.11114/aef.v8i1.5082
Smith, A. (2005). La teoría del valor- teoría de la distribución. En R. B. Ekelund, & R. F. Hébert, Historia de la teoría económica y de su método (3a ed.) (págs. 113-129). McGRAW-HILL.
Taparia, M., & Lenka, U. (2022). An integrated conceptual framework of the glass ceiling effect. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 9(3), 372-400. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOEPP-06-2020-0098
Wang, S., & Cheng, C. (2024). Opportunity or exploitation? A longitudinal dyadic analysis of flexible working arrangements and gender household labor inequality. Social Forces, 102(4), 1446-1466. https://academic.oup.com/sf/article-abstract/102/4/1446/7301284
Yuan, F., Cooke, F. L., Fang, X., An, F., & He, Y. (2023). Can female executives improve employment relations outcomes? Empirical evidence from China with gender implications. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 46(1), 76–98. https://doi.org/10.1108/er-01-2023-0001
Zhang, R. P., Holdsworth, S., Turner, M., y Andamon, M. M. (2021). Does gender really matter? A closer look at early career women in construction. Construction Management and Economics, 39(8), 669-686. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2021.1948087
Zhou, Y., Liu, Z., Wang, H., & Cheng, G. (2023). Targeted poverty alleviation narrowed China’s urban-rural income gap: A theoretical and empirical analysis. Applied Geography, 157, 103000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2023.103000
Akerlof, G. A., & Yellen, J. L. (1986). Efficiency Wage Models of the Labor Market. Cambridge University Press.
Becker, G. S. (1964). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference to Education (1a ed.). Columbia University Press, for the National Bureau of Economic Research, New York. http://www.nber.org/books/beck-5
Becker, G. S. (1971). The Economics of Discrimination (2a ed.). The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Becker, G. S. (1987). Tratado Sobre la Familia. Alianza Editorial.
Berheide, C. (22 of november of 1992). At work; And now the ‘sticky floor’. The New York Times, pág. 23. https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/22/business/at-work-and-now-the-sticky-floor.html
Bessen, J., Denk, E., & Meng, C. (2024). Perpetuating wage inequality: evidence from salary history bans. The Journal of Economic Inequality. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-023-09610-9
Blau, F. D., & Kahn, L. M. (2017). The gender wage gap: Extent, trends, and explanations. Journal of Economic Literature, 55(3), 789-865. doi:10.1257/jel.20160995.
Blinder, A., & Oaxaca, R. (1973). The Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition for linear regression models. The Stata Journal, 8(4), 453-479. https://www.stata-journal.com/article.html?article=st0151
Brands, R., Ertug, G., Fonti, F., y Tasselli, S. (2022). Theorizing gender in social network research: What we do and what we can do differently. Academy of Management Annals, 16(2), 588-620. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2020.0370
Cerezo García, V., & Landa Díaz, H. O. (2023). El teorema Stolper-Samuelson, brecha salarial y liberalización comercial: análisis comparativo de México y Estados Unidos, 1990-2020. Investigación económica, 82(323), 105-131. https://doi.org/10.22201/fe.01851667p.2023.323.84380
Chu, Y., Li, Y., & Che, M. (2024). Population aging and the dynamics of the skill income gap: An analysis of a multiple mediation effect. Finance Research Letters, 62, 105242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2024.105242
Clark, R. (2023). Within, Between, and Beyond: A New Approach to Examining World Income Inequality. Social Forces, 102(2), 403–429. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soad051
Cuellar, C. Y., & Moreno, J. O. (2022). Employment, wages, and the gender gap in Mexico: Evidence of three decades of the urban labor market. Latin American Journal of Central Banking, 3(2), 100055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.latcb.2022.100055
Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística- DANE (2023). Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares-GEIH [Base de datos]. https://microdatos.dane.gov.co//catalog/701/get_microdata
Francis, D. V., Hardy, B. L., & Jones, D. (2022). Black Economists on Race and Policy: Contributions to Education, Poverty and Mobility, and Public Finance. Journal of Economic Literature, 60(2), 454–493. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20211686
Fine, B., & Saad-Filho, A. (2018). Marx 200: the abiding relevance of the labour theory of value. Review of Political Economy, 30(3), 339-354.
García-Cabrera, A. M., & Cedres-Hernández, Y. (2024). Igualdad de género en el mercado laboral: Retos y cambio institucional. Revista De Ciencias Sociales, 30(1), 77-96. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v30i1.41639
Galvis, L. A. (2010). Diferenciales salariales por género y región en Colombia: Una aproximación con regresión por cuantiles. Revista de Economía del Rosario. 13(2), 235-277. https://revistas.urosario.edu.co/index.php/economia/article/view/2193
Greer, T. W., y Carden, L. L. (2021). Exploring the gender wage gap among project managers: A multi-national analysis of human capital and national policies. International Journal of Project Management, 39(1), 21-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2020.09.004
Goldin, C. (2014). A grand gender convergence: Its last chapter. American Economic Review, 104(4), 1091-1119. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.4.1091
Goldin, C., Kerr, S. P., Olivetti, C., & Barth, E. (2017). The expanding gender earnings gap: Evidence from the LEHD-2000 Census. American Economic Review, 107(5), 110-114. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44250371
Heiskala, L., Erola, J., & Kilpi-Jakonen, E. (2021). Compensatory and multiplicative advantages: Social origin, school performance, and stratified higher education enrolment in Finland. European Sociological Review, 37(2), 171-185. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcaa046
Heckman, J. (1979). Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error. Econométrica, 47(1), 153–161. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912352
Hernández Colino, G. (2016). Brecha salarial de género en la Unión Europea [Tesis de grado, Universidad de La Laguna]. RIULL-Repositorio Institucional Universidad de La Laguna. http://riull.ull.es/xmlui/handle/915/2724
Hussain, H. I., Kamarudin, F., Anwar, N. A. M., Ali, M., Turner, J. J., & Somasundram, S. A. (2023). Does income inequality influence the role of a sharing economy in promoting sustainable economic growth? Fresh evidence from emerging markets. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 8(2), 100348.
Ibarra‐Olivo, J. E., & Rodríguez‐Pose, A. (2022). FDI and the growing wage gap in Mexican municipalities. Papers in Regional Science, 101(6), 1411–1440.https://doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12707
Jacobo, J. E. (2020). Labor theory of value and the principle of maximun entropy. Revista de Economía Institucional, 22(43), 119-135.
Jabbaz, M., Samper-Gras, T., & Díaz, C. (2019). La brecha salarial de género en las instituciones científicas. Estudio de caso. Convergencia, 26(80), 1-24. https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1405-14352019000200008
Keynes, J. M. (1936). The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. Macmillan.
Li, L., Zeng, Y., Ye, Z., & Guo, H. (2021). E‐commerce development and urban‐rural income gap: Evidence from Zhejiang Province, China. Papers in Regional Science, 100(2), 475–495. https://doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12571
Lin, B., & Wang, Y. (2024). How does the natural disasters affect urban-rural income gap? Empirical evidence from China. Energy, 295, 131067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.131067
Loden, M. (1978). Marilyn Loden, the woman who invented the expression “glass ceiling”. BBC News Mundo. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-42338736#:~:text=La%20consultora%20de%20%C3%A1mbito%20laboral,las%20aspiraciones%20de%20las%20mujeres
Morrison, A. M., White, R. P., & Van Velsor, E. (1987). Breaking the glass ceiling: Can women reach the top of America’s largest corporations? Addison-Wesley.
Okun, A. M. (1981). Prices and Quantities: A Macroeconomic Analysis. Brookings Institution Press.
Perez-Laborda, A., & Perez-Sebastian, F. (2020). Capital-skill complementarity and biased technical change across US sectors. Journal of macroeconomics, 66, 103255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2020.103255
Phelps, E. S. (1972). The Statistical Theory of Racism and Sexism. The American Economic Review, 62(4), 659-661. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1806107
Quiñones Domínguez, M., & Rodríguez Sinisterra, J. A. (2011). Rendimiento de la educación en las regiones colombianas: un análisis usando la Descomposición Oaxaca-Blinder. Sociedad y Economía, (20), 37-68.
Quispe Ortogorin, D. (2024). Brecha salarial de género y violencia doméstica contra las mujeres: el caso peruano. Revista Desarrollo Y Sociedad, 96, 39-63. https://doi.org/10.13043/DYS.96.2
Rembeza, J., y Radlińska, K. (2021). Labor market discrimination–are women still more secondary workers? Journal of Business Economics and Management, 22(1), 77-97. https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2020.13648
Ricardo, D. (2005). La teoría del valor trabajo. En R. B. Ekelund, & R. F. Hébert, Historia de la teoría económica y de su método. (3a ed.) (págs. 159-162). McGRAW-HILL.
Samper-Gras, T., Jabbaz, M., Tomás, S., & Ferrer, A. (2021). ¡No son las criaturas, es la Academia! Brechas salariales de género y carrera investigadora en la Universidad. Asparkía, (39), 165-184. https://doi.org/10.6035/asparkia.4600
Schein, V. E. (1973). The relationship between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 57(2), 95-100. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0037128
Sempat, C. (2020). The problem of theoretical practice in Marxist historical production. El trimestre económico, 87(347), 837-856. https://doi.org/10.20430/ete.v87i347.1118
Simó-Noguera, C. X., Mondragón-García, E., Carbonell-Asins, J. A., & Romero-Crespo, J. A. (2023). La observación de la brecha salarial de género ajustada. En busca de la discriminación directa en España. Revista Internacional de Sociología, 81(3), e233-e233. https://doi.org/10.3989/ris.2023.81.3.22.00490
Si, C., Nadolnyak, D., & Hartarska, V. (2021). The gender wage gap in developing countries. Applied Economics and Finance, 8(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.11114/aef.v8i1.5082
Smith, A. (2005). La teoría del valor- teoría de la distribución. En R. B. Ekelund, & R. F. Hébert, Historia de la teoría económica y de su método (3a ed.) (págs. 113-129). McGRAW-HILL.
Taparia, M., & Lenka, U. (2022). An integrated conceptual framework of the glass ceiling effect. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 9(3), 372-400. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOEPP-06-2020-0098
Wang, S., & Cheng, C. (2024). Opportunity or exploitation? A longitudinal dyadic analysis of flexible working arrangements and gender household labor inequality. Social Forces, 102(4), 1446-1466. https://academic.oup.com/sf/article-abstract/102/4/1446/7301284
Yuan, F., Cooke, F. L., Fang, X., An, F., & He, Y. (2023). Can female executives improve employment relations outcomes? Empirical evidence from China with gender implications. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 46(1), 76–98. https://doi.org/10.1108/er-01-2023-0001
Zhang, R. P., Holdsworth, S., Turner, M., y Andamon, M. M. (2021). Does gender really matter? A closer look at early career women in construction. Construction Management and Economics, 39(8), 669-686. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2021.1948087
Zhou, Y., Liu, Z., Wang, H., & Cheng, G. (2023). Targeted poverty alleviation narrowed China’s urban-rural income gap: A theoretical and empirical analysis. Applied Geography, 157, 103000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2023.103000
Publicado
2024-07-15
Cómo citar
Vargas Calderón, D. F., Rios Obando, J. F., Rengifo Ortiz, C. I., & Serna Muñoz, K. G. (2024). Brecha salarial de género: un análisis del mercado laboral de Cali-Colombia y su Área Metropolitana. Revista Venezolana De Gerencia, 29(11), 667-683. https://doi.org/10.52080/rvgluz.29.e11.40
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