Economía circular del agua en Latinoamérica: Un análisis de eficiencia y productividad

• Marcos Sánchez Calderón https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5638-9882
• Cristián Gutiérrez Rojas https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8607-1528
• Patricio Viancos-González https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4550-3608
• Patricia González https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1511-8442

DOI: https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v30i.42874

Resumen

Con el incremento de la temperatura global y la creciente escasez de agua, el análisis del uso eficiente de este recurso se vuelve crucial. El objetivo principal de este estudio es evaluar la economía circular del agua mediante un análisis de eficiencia para un grupo de trece países latinoamericanos. Se emplea la metodología de Análisis Envolvente de Datos para determinar los niveles de eficiencia global, técnica y de escala correspondientes al año 2020. Además, se utiliza el Índice de Malmquist para calcular los cambios en la productividad entre los años 2018 y 2020. Los resultados del análisis muestran que Brasil y Chile se destacan como países eficientes, ya que logran maximizar el volumen de tratamiento de aguas residuales en relación con la cantidad de insumos utilizados. En contraste, los otros once países presentan una gestión ineficiente y deben realizar esfuerzos significativos para alcanzar la frontera de eficiencia. La principal contribución de este estudio radica en proporcionar una herramienta para identificar posibles fuentes de ineficiencia y servir de referencia para la toma de decisiones de los responsables en la gestión de recursos hídricos.

Citas

Ablanedo-Rosas, J. H., Guerrero, A., Olivares-Benitez, E., Sánchez-García, J. Y., y Nuñez-Ríos, J. E. (2020). Operational efficiency of mexican water utilities: Results of a Double-Bootstrap data envelopment analysis. Water, 12(2), 553. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020553

Akdogan, H. (2012). The efficiency of police stations in the city of Ankara: An application of data envelopment analysis. Policing: An International Journal, 35(1), 25-38. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639511211215432

Andersen, P., y Petersen, N. C. (1993). A procedure for ranking efficient units in data envelopment analysis. Management Science, 39(10), 1261-1264. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.39.10.1261

AQUASTAT (2023). AQUASTAT - Sistema mundial de información de la FAO sobre el agua en la agricultura. AQUASTAT. https://www.fao.org/aquastat/es/countries-and-basins/

Aristovnik, A., Seljak, J., y Mencinger, J. (2014). Performance measurement of police forces at the local level: A non-parametric mathematical programming approach. Expert Systems with Applications, 41(4, Part 2), 1647-1653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2013.08.061

Banker, R. D., Charnes, A., y Cooper, W. W. (1984). Some models for estimating technical and scale inefficiencies in data envelopment analysis. Management Science, 30(9), 1078-1092. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.30.9.1078

Benito, B., Bastida, F., y García, J. A. (2010). Explaining differences in efficiency: An application to Spanish municipalities. Applied Economics, 42(4), 515-528. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840701675560

Benito, B., Martínez-Córdoba, P.-J., y Guillamón, M.-D. (2021). Measurement and determinants of efficiency in the municipal police service. Evaluation and Program Planning, 85, 101904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2020.101904

Bogetoft, P., y Otto, L. (2011). Benchmarking with DEA, SFA, and R. Springer Science & Business Media.

Brears, R. C. (2020). Developing the Circular Water Economy. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32575-6

Bronner, M., See, K. F., y Yu, M.-M. (2022). Circular water economy performance evaluation based on dynamic network data envelopment analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 367, 132474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132474

Byrnes, P. (1987). Ownership and Efficiency in the Water Supply Industry: An Application of the Nonparametric Programming Approach to Efficiency Measurement [Doctoral thesis, Southern Illinois University]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=7491765

Casiano, C., Bressers, H., Gutierrez, C., y De Boer, C. (2018). Towards circular economy – A wastewater treatment perspective, the Presa Guadalupe case. Management Research Review, 41(5), 554-571. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-02-2018-0056

Cerdá, E., y Khalilova, A. (2016). Economía Circular. Economía Circular, Estrategia y Competitividad Empresarial, (401), 11-20. https://www.mintur.gob.es/Publicaciones/Publicacionesperiodicas/EconomiaIndustrial/RevistaEconomiaIndustrial/401/CERD%C3%81%20y%20KHALILOVA.pdf

Charnes, A., Cooper, W., Lewin, A. Y., y Seiford, L. M. (1997). Data Envelopment Analysis theory, Methodology and Applications. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 48(3), 332-333. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jors.2600342

Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., y Rhodes, E. (1978). Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. European Journal of Operational Research, 2(6), 429-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(78)90138-8

Chen, C. C. (2017). Measuring departmental and overall regional performance: Applying the multi-activity DEA model to Taiwan’s cities/counties. Omega, 67, 60-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2016.04.002

Cook, W. D., y Seiford, L. M. (2009). Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) – Thirty years on. European Journal of Operational Research, 192(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2008.01.032

Cunha, R., y Garzón, F. H. (2007). Performance-based potable water and sewer service regulation: The regulatory model. Cuadernos de Administración, 20(34), 283-298. https://revistas.javeriana.edu.co/index.php/cuadernos_admon/article/view/4054

Donati, F., Aguilar-Hernandez, G. A., Sigüenza-Sánchez, C. P., De Koning, A., Rodrigues, J. F. D., y Tukker, A. (2020). Modeling the circular economy in environmentally extended input-output tables: Methods, software and case study. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 152, 104508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104508

Emrouznejad, A., y Yang, G.-L. (2018). A survey and analysis of the first 40 years of scholarly literature in DEA: 1978–2016. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 61, 4-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2017.01.008

Färe, R., Grosskopf, S., Norris, M., y Zhang, Z. (1994). Productivity growth, technical progress and efficiency change in industrialized countries. American Economic Review, 84(1), 66-83.

Fundación CONAMA (2019). Agua y economía circular. Fundación CONAMA. https://www.fundacionconama.org/wp-content/uploads/Agua-y-Economia-Circular.pdf

Fundación Endesa (2021). Smart city. Fundación Endesa. https://www.fundacionendesa.org/es/educacion/endesa-educa/recursos/smart-city

García, N. (11 de febrero de 2020). La guerra del agua: Países con mayor escasez de agua. Ayuda en Acción. https://ayudaenaccion.org/blog/sostenibilidad/guerra-agua-paises-escasez/

García-Sánchez, I.-M., Rodríguez-Domínguez, L., y Parra-Domínguez, J. (2013). Yearly evolution of police efficiency in Spain and explanatory factors. Central European Journal of Operations Research, 21(1), 31-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10100-011-0207-6

Giannakitsidou, O., Giannikos, I., y Chondrou, A. (2020). Ranking European countries on the basis of their environmental and circular economy performance: A DEA application in MSW. Waste Management, 109, 181-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.04.055

Gupta, S., Kumar, S., y Sarangi, G. K. (2012). Measuring the performance of water service providers in urban India: Implications for managing water utilities. Water Policy, 14(3), 391-408. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2011.109

Halkos, G., y Petrou, K. N. (2019). Treating undesirable outputs in DEA: A critical review. Economic Analysis and Policy, 62, 97-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2019.01.005

Hsu, Y.-C., y Lee, C.-C. (2014). Performance measurement in public spending: Evidence from a non-parametric approach. Romanian Journal of Economic Forecasting, XVII(3), 136-159. https://ipe.ro/rjef/rjef3_14/rjef3_2014p136-159.pdf

Huguenin, J.-M. (2012). Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA): A pedagogical guide for decision makers in the public sector. IDHEAP – Cahier 276. IDHEAP, Lausanne

Ihobe (2018). Indicadores de Economía Circular EUSKADI 2018: Marco de Seguimiento Europeo. Ihobe, Sociedad Pública de Gestión Ambiental. https://www.euskadi.eus/contenidos/informacion/economia_circular/es_def/adjuntos/Indicadores_economia_circular_pais_vasco_2018.pdf

Kaszycki, P., Głodniok, M., y Petryszak, P. (2021). Towards a bio-based circular economy in organic waste management and wastewater treatment – The Polish perspective. New Biotechnology, 61, 80-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2020.11.005

Lambert, D. K., Dichev, D., y Raffiee, K. (1993). Ownership and sources of inefficiency in the provision of water services. Water Resources Research, 29(6), 1573-1578. https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR00285

Lopes, F., De Araújo, J. R., Da Silva, P. E. N. T. B., y Lins, D. C. (2020). Segurança PÚBLICA estadual brasileira: O que influencia seu desempenho? REUNIR Revista de Administração Contabilidade e Sustentabilidade, 10(1), 89-99. https://reunir.revistas.ufcg.edu.br/index.php/uacc/article/view/889

Lo Storto, C. (2013). Are Public-private partnerships a source of greater efficiency in water supply? Results of a non-parametric performance analysis relating to the Italian industry. Water, 5(4), 2058-2079. https://doi.org/10.3390/w5042058

Louzada, C. (26 de noviembre de 2020). El agua, un recurso que se agota por el crecimiento de la población y el cambio climático. Naciones Unidas. https://news.un.org/es/story/2020/11/1484732

Mao, L., Zhou, N., Zhang, T., Du, W., Peng, H., y Zhu, L. (2020). An AHP/DEA Methodology for the Public Safety Evaluation. In X. Sun, J. Wang y E. Bertino (Eds.), Artificial Intelligence and Security (pp. 341-352). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57881-7_31

Martínez, A., y Rueda, N. (2013). A productivity and efficiency analysis of the security and defence technological and industrial base in Spain. Defence and Peace Economics, 24(2), 147-171. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2012.663581

Mavhungu, A., Masindi, V., Foteinis, S., Mbaya, R., Tekere, M., Kortidis, I., y Chatzisymeon, E. (2020). Advocating circular economy in wastewater treatment: Struvite formation and drinking water reclamation from real municipal effluents. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 8(4), 103957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.103957

Muñoz, J. L., y Bustos, R. (2021). Gestión integrada de recursos hídricos y gobernanza: Subcuenca del río Vinces, provincia Los Ríos-Ecuador. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXVII(E-3), 471-497. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v27i.36532

Nika, C. E., Vasilaki, V., Expósito, A., y Katsou, E. (2020). Water cycle and circular economy: Developing a circularity assessment framework for complex water systems. Water Research, 187, 116423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116423

Núñez-Tabales, J. M., Del Amor-Collado, E., y Rey-Carmona, F. J. (2021). Economía circular en la industria de la moda: Pilares básicos del modelo. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXVII(E-4), 162-176. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v27i.37000

Oblitas, J. F., Sangay, M. E., Rojas, E. E., y Castro, W. M. (2019). Economía circular en residuos de aparatos eléctricos y electrónicos. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXV(4), 196-208. https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/rcs/article/view/30527

Parra, J., García, I. M., y Rodríguez, L. (2015). Relationship between police efficiency and crime rate: A worldwide approach. European Journal of Law and Economics, 39(1), 203-223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-013-9398-8

Picazo-Tadeo, A. J., González-Gómez, F., y Sáez-Fernández, F. J. (2009). Accounting for operating environments in measuring water utilities’ managerial efficiency. The Service Industries Journal, 29(6), 761-773. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642060802190300

Robaina, M., Murillo, K., Rocha, E., y Villar, J. (2020). Circular economy in plastic waste—Efficiency analysis of European countries. Science of The Total Environment, 730, 139038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139038

Roccaro, P. (2018). Treatment processes for municipal wastewater reclamation: The challenges of emerging contaminants and direct potable reuse. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 2, 46-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2018.02.003

Roychand, R., Kumar, B., Zhang, G., y Setunge, S. (2020). Recycling steel slag from municipal wastewater treatment plants into concrete applications – A step towards circular economy. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 152, 104533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104533

Salas, E. E., y Salcedo, F. E. (2014). Eficiencia y productividad en la cobertura de agua potable y saneamiento básico en el Departamento de Bolívar [Tesis de pregrado, Universidad de Cartagena]. https://repositorio.unicartagena.edu.co/entities/publication/88ea6979-dbe1-4606-a51b-574d9137ec58

Scaratti, D., Michelon, W., y Scaratti, G. (2013). Avaliação da eficiência da gestão dos serviços municipais de abastecimento de água e esgotamento sanitário utilizandoData Envelopment Analysis. Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental, 18(4) 333-340. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-41522013000400005

Urrunaga, R., y Jara, O. (2013). Fronteras de eficiencia y cambio tecnológico en las empresas proveedoras de agua en Perú. Atlantic Review of Economics: Revista Atlántica de Economía, 2(1), 8-38. https://www.unagaliciamoderna.com/eawp/eawp.asp?qsa=ES&qsb=253&qsc=318&qsd=316

Voulvoulis, N. (2018). Water reuse from a circular economy perspective and potential risks from an unregulated approach. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 2, 32-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2018.01.005

Winans, K., Kendall, A., y Deng, H. (2017). The history and current applications of the circular economy concept. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 68(Part 1), 825-833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.123

Yadava, A. K., y Neog, Y. (2022). Public sector performance and efficiency assessment of Indian states. Global Business Review, 23(2), 493-511. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150919862664

Yong, R. (2007). The circular economy in China. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 9(2), 121-129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-007-0183-z

Zeng, Y.-Y. (2019). Urban public safety risk assessment of 35 Cities in China based on context-dependent DEA approach and DEASort. E3S Web of Conferences, 136, 04094. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913604094

Zhindon-Almeida, R. G., Sánchez-Ancajima, R. A., y Castañeda-Guzmán, W. J. (2024). Análisis estadístico de parámetros de calidad del agua del Estero El Macho en la ciudad de Machala-Ecuador. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXX(E-3) 489-513. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v30i.42329

Zou, Y., He, Y., Lin, W., y Fang, S. (2021). China’s regional public safety efficiency: A data envelopment analysis approach. The Annals of Regional Science, 66(2), 409-438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-020-01025-y