Youth criminal intentions under the scope of the theory of planned behavior
Palabras clave:
Youth criminal intentions, theory of planned behavior, youth’s attitude, subjective norm, perceived control
Resumen
Using the Theory of Planned Behavior, this research aimed to analyze the effect of attitudes, the social environment and perceived control over the law, to understand criminal intentions of young people in Ecuador, a country that has experienced a significant increase in crime. juvenile delinquency in recent years. 202 students between 14 and 17 years old from five public schools in Ecuador participated in the non-experimental cross-sectional study. The results of the Structural Equations Model show a negative relationship between Attitude and intention (-0.367; p<001), and positive relationships between Subjective Norm and intention (0.333; p<001), and Perceived Control and intention to not commit illegal acts (0.204; p<001). It is concluded that the Theory of Planned Behavior is an adequate framework to understand the effect that individual attitudes, the social environment and the control they perceive over the law have on the intention not to commit illegal acts. The most notable contribution of this research is the inverse relationship between attitude and intention, which raises important questions about the perception of severity that young people have about the law and their intention not to contravene it.
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Ajzen, I. (2011). The theory of planned behaviour: Reactions and reflections. Psychology & Health, 26(9), 1113-1127. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2011.613995
Albayati, H., Alistarbadi, N., & Rho, J. J. (2023). Assessing engagement decisions in NFT Metaverse based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Telematics and Informatics Reports, 10, 100045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teler.2023.100045
Alimoradi, K., Davarpanah, S. H., Taymoori, P., Ostovar, A., & Rahmani, K. (2022). Predicting physical and verbal aggression perpetration among teenage boys: an application of the theory of planned behavior. International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare, 15(3), 276-287. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHRH-12-2020-0110
Altman, M. (2021). A Theory of Legal Punishment. Deterrence, Retribution, and the Aims of the State. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003143352
Applegate, B. K., Bolin, R. M., & Ouellette, H. M. (2023). Extending the long arm of the law: Punishment and rehabilitation as motives of public support for handling violent juvenile offenders as adults. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 19, 1001-1019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-022-09518-w
Arafat, M., & Asmundi (2022). Implementation of diversion as the settlement of child criminal cases in the perspective of Islamic law. International Journal of Politics and Sociology Research, 10(3), 104-111. https://ijobsor.pelnus.ac.id/index.php/ijopsor/article/view/57
Bani-Khalid, T., Alshira’h, A. F., & Alshirah, M. H. (2022). Determinants of Tax Compliance Intention among Jordanian SMEs: A focus on the Theory of Planned Behavior. Economies, 10(2), 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10020030
Bryan-Hancock, C., & Casey, S. (2011). Young people and the justice system: Consideration of maturity in criminal responsibility. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 18(1), 69-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218711003739086
Campie, P. E. (2023). Latin America and the Caribbean - Youth Violence Prevention. AIR. https://www.air.org/project/latin-america-and-caribbean-youth-violence-prevention
Canatay, A., Emegwa, T., Lybolt, L. M., & Loch, K. D. (2022). Reliability assessment in SEM models with composites and factors: A modern perspective. Data Analysis Perspectives Journal, 3(1), 1-6. https://scriptwarp.com/dapj/2022_DAPJ_3_1/Canatay_etal_2022_DAPJ_3_1_ReliabilityAssessment.pdf
De Buck, A., & Pauwels, L. J. R. (2023). Intentions to steal: How equal is the interplay between anticipated moral emotions and self-serving justifications across male and female young people? Victims & Offenders, 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2023.2228775
Dong, Y., & Zeb, S. (2022). Role of higher education system in promoting law abiding behavior among students. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1036991. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1036991
Europapress (06 de Dic de 2021). Más de 600 bandas actúan en España y hay 117 detenidos por violencia juvenil en el primer semestre de 2021. Europapress. https://www.europapress.es/nacional/noticia-mas-600-bandas-actuan-espana-hay-117-detenidos-violencia-juvenil-primer-semestre-2021-20211206105452.html
Fiegel, K. A., & Frank, J. L. (2023). The Theory of Planned Behavior and adolescent marijuana use: Examining the moderating effects of cigarette and e-cigarette co-use. Substance Use & Misuse, 58(6), 812-821. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2023.2191696
Gansser, O. A., & Reich, C. S. (2023). Influence of the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) and environmental concerns on pro-environmental behavioral intention based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Journal of Cleaner Production, 382, 134629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134629
Hagger, M. S., Cheung, M. W.-L., Ajzen, I., & Hamilton, K. (2022). Perceived behavioral control moderating effects in the theory of planned behavior: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 41(2), 155-167. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0001153
Hamid, S., Azhar, M., & Sujood (2023). Behavioral intention to order food and beverage items using e-commerce during COVID-19: An integration of theory of planned behavior (TPB) with trust. British Food Journal, 125(1), 112-131. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-03-2021-0338
Hernández, R., Fernández, C., & Baptista, M. D. P. (2014). Metodología de la Investigación. McGraw-Hill/ Interamericana Editores S.A. de C.V.
Huang, J.-Y., & Chen, C.-A. (2023). Relationship Between Criminal Intention and Criminal Behavior. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 38, 555-566. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-023-09576-4
Kaulu, B. (2022). Determinants of tax evasion intention using the Theory of Planned Behavior and the mediation role of taxpayer egoism. Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 15, 63-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40647-021-00332-8
Kearney, M. S., & Levine, P. B. (2020). Role models, mentors, and media influences. How cultural factors shape economic outcomes. The Future of Children, 30(1), 83-106. https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/foc.2020.0006
Khaleghi, A. A., Jafarzadeh, S., Afzali, P., Kashfi, S. H., Mohammadkhah, F., & Khani, A. (2023). Effect of educational intervention based on theory of planned behavior on aggression preventive behaviors in students. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 15(2), 152-162. https://doi.org/10.1108/JACPR-03-2022-0701
Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Publications.
Lam, J., Schoonderwoerd, E., & Kop, N. (2023). Involving citizens in urgent missing person cases. An application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour within District Criminal Investigations Teams. Policing and Society, 33(9-10), 1096-1113. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2023.2237168
Li, N., & Van Rooij, B. (2022). Law lost, compliance found: A frontline understanding of the non-linear nature of business and employee responses to law. Journal of Business Ethics, 178, 715-734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04751-1
Mattheis, N. (2022). Unruly kids? Conceptualizing and defending youth disobedience. European Journal of Political Theory, 21(3), 466-490. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474885120918371
McAra, L., & McVie, S. (2018). Transformations in youth crime and justice across Europe. Evidencing the case for diversion. En B. Goldson (Ed.), Juvenile Justice in Europe. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315194493
McMellon, C., & Tisdall, E. K. M. (2020). Children and Young People’s Participation Rights: Looking Backwards and Moving Forwards. The International Journal of Children's Rights, 28, 157-182. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02801002
Moreno-Guaicha, J. A., Mena-Zamora, A. A., Tirado-Espín, A., & Escobar-Córdova, S. K. (2024). Rugby como alternativa dentro de los procesos de reinserción social del Colectivo Calle, Paz y Respeto. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXX(1), 313-330. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v30i1.41658
Morillo, S., & Birkbeck, C. H. (2017). Conducta antisocial adolescente bajo un enfoque integrador de tres teorías criminológicas. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXII(3), 76-88. https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/rcs/article/view/25131
Mukti, W. B., Rachmi, I. G. A. K., & Rustamaji, M. (2022). Testing the flexibility of Pancasila as an open ideology in the synergy of designing the law enforcement reform. Proceeding of the International Conference on Environmental and Energy Policy (ICEEP 2021), 120-124. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211014.027
Nagin, D. S., & Telep, C. W. (2020). Procedural justice and legal compliance. Criminology & Public Justice, 19(3), 761-786. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12499
Oriolo, A. (2023). The rule of law, transnational crimes, and the human rights-based approach in the European Union: The Court of Justice as ultimate guardian of the ‘good’ laws. En T. Russo, A. Oriolo & G. Dalia (Eds.), Solidarity and Rule of Law. European Union and its Neighbours in a Globalized World (Vol. 9, pp. 201-226). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29227-9_11
Palit, S., & Saragani, I. (2022). A scrutiny of the relation between family violence and crime rate among the teenagers. Journal of Legal Ethical & Regulory Issues, 25(S-5), 1-11. https://www.abacademies.org/articles/a-scrutiny-of-the-relation-between-family-violence-and-crime-rate-among-the-teenagers-14434.html
Pickard, S. (2022). Young environmental activists and Do-It-Ourselves (DIO) politics: Collective engagement, generational agency, efficacy, belonging and hope. Journal of Youth Studies, 25(6), 730-750. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2022.2046258
Popa, B., Niță, M. D., & Hălălișan, A. F. (2019). Intentions to engage in forest law enforcement in Romania: An application of the theory of planned behavior. Forest Policy and Economics, 100, 33-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2018.11.005
Puzzanchera, C. (2022). Trends in youth arrests for violent crimes. Juvenile Justice Statistics. National Reports Series Fact Sheet, 1-4. https://ojjdp.ojp.gov/publications/trends-in-youth-arrests.pdf
Ramadhani, M. A., & Trisnaningsih, S. (2023). Analysis of the role whistleblowing system for fraud pervention: Theory of Planned Behavior. International Journal of Management Science and Information Technology, 3(1), 16-20. https://doi.org/10.35870/ijmsit.v3i1.860
Sekar, D., & Bhuvaneswari, M. (2023). A mixed method study of conduct disorder & substance abuse on law-violating behavior of children. North American Journal of Psychology, 25(2), 341-354.
Shukri, M., Jones, F., & Conner, M. (2022). Theory of planned behaviour, psychological stressors and intention to avoid violating traffic rules: A Multi-Level modelling analysis. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 169, 106624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2022.106624
Solar, C., & Pérez, C. A. (Eds.) (2023). Crime, Violence, and Justice in Latin America. Taylor & Francis.
Sozzo, M. (2022). Inequality, welfare and punishment. Comparative notes between the Global North and South. European Journal of Criminology, 19(3), 368-393. https://doi.org/10.1177/14773708211060164
Tan, C., Shi, Y., Bai, L., Tang, K., Suzuki, K., & Nakamura, H. (2022). Modeling effects of driver safety attitudes on traffic violations in China using the theory of planned behavior. IATSS Research, 46(1), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iatssr.2022.02.001
Torres-Tellez, J., & Montero, A. (2022). Delincuencia juvenil en España: Un análisis empírico tras la crisis económica de 2008. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXVIII(1), 20-32. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v28i1.37667
Youth Justice Board (January 26, 2023). Youth Justice Statistics: 2021 to 2022 (accessible version). Youth Justice Board. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/youth-justice-statistics-2021-to-2022/youth-justice-statistics-2021-to-2022-accessible-version
Yusuf, M. (2023). Challenges in mitigating youth violence in bo city. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 11(7), 418-428. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2023.117029
Zane, S. N., & Mears, D. P. (2023). Who Deserves Diversion? A Theoretical Critique of Mitigation, Consequentialism, and the Juvenile Court. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 39(4), 570-589. https://doi.org/10.1177/10439862231189616
Aebi, M. F., Cocco, E., Molnar, L., & Tiago, M. M. (2022). SPACE I – 2021 – Council of Europe Annual Penal Statistics: Prison populations. Council of Europe. https://md.teyit.org/file/aebi-cocco-molnar-tiago-2022-space-i-2021-finalreport-220404.pdf
Ajzen, I. (2011). The theory of planned behaviour: Reactions and reflections. Psychology & Health, 26(9), 1113-1127. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2011.613995
Albayati, H., Alistarbadi, N., & Rho, J. J. (2023). Assessing engagement decisions in NFT Metaverse based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Telematics and Informatics Reports, 10, 100045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teler.2023.100045
Alimoradi, K., Davarpanah, S. H., Taymoori, P., Ostovar, A., & Rahmani, K. (2022). Predicting physical and verbal aggression perpetration among teenage boys: an application of the theory of planned behavior. International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare, 15(3), 276-287. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHRH-12-2020-0110
Altman, M. (2021). A Theory of Legal Punishment. Deterrence, Retribution, and the Aims of the State. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003143352
Applegate, B. K., Bolin, R. M., & Ouellette, H. M. (2023). Extending the long arm of the law: Punishment and rehabilitation as motives of public support for handling violent juvenile offenders as adults. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 19, 1001-1019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-022-09518-w
Arafat, M., & Asmundi (2022). Implementation of diversion as the settlement of child criminal cases in the perspective of Islamic law. International Journal of Politics and Sociology Research, 10(3), 104-111. https://ijobsor.pelnus.ac.id/index.php/ijopsor/article/view/57
Bani-Khalid, T., Alshira’h, A. F., & Alshirah, M. H. (2022). Determinants of Tax Compliance Intention among Jordanian SMEs: A focus on the Theory of Planned Behavior. Economies, 10(2), 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10020030
Bryan-Hancock, C., & Casey, S. (2011). Young people and the justice system: Consideration of maturity in criminal responsibility. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 18(1), 69-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218711003739086
Campie, P. E. (2023). Latin America and the Caribbean - Youth Violence Prevention. AIR. https://www.air.org/project/latin-america-and-caribbean-youth-violence-prevention
Canatay, A., Emegwa, T., Lybolt, L. M., & Loch, K. D. (2022). Reliability assessment in SEM models with composites and factors: A modern perspective. Data Analysis Perspectives Journal, 3(1), 1-6. https://scriptwarp.com/dapj/2022_DAPJ_3_1/Canatay_etal_2022_DAPJ_3_1_ReliabilityAssessment.pdf
De Buck, A., & Pauwels, L. J. R. (2023). Intentions to steal: How equal is the interplay between anticipated moral emotions and self-serving justifications across male and female young people? Victims & Offenders, 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2023.2228775
Dong, Y., & Zeb, S. (2022). Role of higher education system in promoting law abiding behavior among students. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1036991. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1036991
Europapress (06 de Dic de 2021). Más de 600 bandas actúan en España y hay 117 detenidos por violencia juvenil en el primer semestre de 2021. Europapress. https://www.europapress.es/nacional/noticia-mas-600-bandas-actuan-espana-hay-117-detenidos-violencia-juvenil-primer-semestre-2021-20211206105452.html
Fiegel, K. A., & Frank, J. L. (2023). The Theory of Planned Behavior and adolescent marijuana use: Examining the moderating effects of cigarette and e-cigarette co-use. Substance Use & Misuse, 58(6), 812-821. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2023.2191696
Gansser, O. A., & Reich, C. S. (2023). Influence of the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) and environmental concerns on pro-environmental behavioral intention based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Journal of Cleaner Production, 382, 134629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134629
Hagger, M. S., Cheung, M. W.-L., Ajzen, I., & Hamilton, K. (2022). Perceived behavioral control moderating effects in the theory of planned behavior: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 41(2), 155-167. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0001153
Hamid, S., Azhar, M., & Sujood (2023). Behavioral intention to order food and beverage items using e-commerce during COVID-19: An integration of theory of planned behavior (TPB) with trust. British Food Journal, 125(1), 112-131. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-03-2021-0338
Hernández, R., Fernández, C., & Baptista, M. D. P. (2014). Metodología de la Investigación. McGraw-Hill/ Interamericana Editores S.A. de C.V.
Huang, J.-Y., & Chen, C.-A. (2023). Relationship Between Criminal Intention and Criminal Behavior. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 38, 555-566. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-023-09576-4
Kaulu, B. (2022). Determinants of tax evasion intention using the Theory of Planned Behavior and the mediation role of taxpayer egoism. Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 15, 63-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40647-021-00332-8
Kearney, M. S., & Levine, P. B. (2020). Role models, mentors, and media influences. How cultural factors shape economic outcomes. The Future of Children, 30(1), 83-106. https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/foc.2020.0006
Khaleghi, A. A., Jafarzadeh, S., Afzali, P., Kashfi, S. H., Mohammadkhah, F., & Khani, A. (2023). Effect of educational intervention based on theory of planned behavior on aggression preventive behaviors in students. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 15(2), 152-162. https://doi.org/10.1108/JACPR-03-2022-0701
Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Publications.
Lam, J., Schoonderwoerd, E., & Kop, N. (2023). Involving citizens in urgent missing person cases. An application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour within District Criminal Investigations Teams. Policing and Society, 33(9-10), 1096-1113. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2023.2237168
Li, N., & Van Rooij, B. (2022). Law lost, compliance found: A frontline understanding of the non-linear nature of business and employee responses to law. Journal of Business Ethics, 178, 715-734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04751-1
Mattheis, N. (2022). Unruly kids? Conceptualizing and defending youth disobedience. European Journal of Political Theory, 21(3), 466-490. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474885120918371
McAra, L., & McVie, S. (2018). Transformations in youth crime and justice across Europe. Evidencing the case for diversion. En B. Goldson (Ed.), Juvenile Justice in Europe. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315194493
McMellon, C., & Tisdall, E. K. M. (2020). Children and Young People’s Participation Rights: Looking Backwards and Moving Forwards. The International Journal of Children's Rights, 28, 157-182. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02801002
Moreno-Guaicha, J. A., Mena-Zamora, A. A., Tirado-Espín, A., & Escobar-Córdova, S. K. (2024). Rugby como alternativa dentro de los procesos de reinserción social del Colectivo Calle, Paz y Respeto. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXX(1), 313-330. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v30i1.41658
Morillo, S., & Birkbeck, C. H. (2017). Conducta antisocial adolescente bajo un enfoque integrador de tres teorías criminológicas. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXII(3), 76-88. https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/rcs/article/view/25131
Mukti, W. B., Rachmi, I. G. A. K., & Rustamaji, M. (2022). Testing the flexibility of Pancasila as an open ideology in the synergy of designing the law enforcement reform. Proceeding of the International Conference on Environmental and Energy Policy (ICEEP 2021), 120-124. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211014.027
Nagin, D. S., & Telep, C. W. (2020). Procedural justice and legal compliance. Criminology & Public Justice, 19(3), 761-786. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12499
Oriolo, A. (2023). The rule of law, transnational crimes, and the human rights-based approach in the European Union: The Court of Justice as ultimate guardian of the ‘good’ laws. En T. Russo, A. Oriolo & G. Dalia (Eds.), Solidarity and Rule of Law. European Union and its Neighbours in a Globalized World (Vol. 9, pp. 201-226). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29227-9_11
Palit, S., & Saragani, I. (2022). A scrutiny of the relation between family violence and crime rate among the teenagers. Journal of Legal Ethical & Regulory Issues, 25(S-5), 1-11. https://www.abacademies.org/articles/a-scrutiny-of-the-relation-between-family-violence-and-crime-rate-among-the-teenagers-14434.html
Pickard, S. (2022). Young environmental activists and Do-It-Ourselves (DIO) politics: Collective engagement, generational agency, efficacy, belonging and hope. Journal of Youth Studies, 25(6), 730-750. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2022.2046258
Popa, B., Niță, M. D., & Hălălișan, A. F. (2019). Intentions to engage in forest law enforcement in Romania: An application of the theory of planned behavior. Forest Policy and Economics, 100, 33-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2018.11.005
Puzzanchera, C. (2022). Trends in youth arrests for violent crimes. Juvenile Justice Statistics. National Reports Series Fact Sheet, 1-4. https://ojjdp.ojp.gov/publications/trends-in-youth-arrests.pdf
Ramadhani, M. A., & Trisnaningsih, S. (2023). Analysis of the role whistleblowing system for fraud pervention: Theory of Planned Behavior. International Journal of Management Science and Information Technology, 3(1), 16-20. https://doi.org/10.35870/ijmsit.v3i1.860
Sekar, D., & Bhuvaneswari, M. (2023). A mixed method study of conduct disorder & substance abuse on law-violating behavior of children. North American Journal of Psychology, 25(2), 341-354.
Shukri, M., Jones, F., & Conner, M. (2022). Theory of planned behaviour, psychological stressors and intention to avoid violating traffic rules: A Multi-Level modelling analysis. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 169, 106624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2022.106624
Solar, C., & Pérez, C. A. (Eds.) (2023). Crime, Violence, and Justice in Latin America. Taylor & Francis.
Sozzo, M. (2022). Inequality, welfare and punishment. Comparative notes between the Global North and South. European Journal of Criminology, 19(3), 368-393. https://doi.org/10.1177/14773708211060164
Tan, C., Shi, Y., Bai, L., Tang, K., Suzuki, K., & Nakamura, H. (2022). Modeling effects of driver safety attitudes on traffic violations in China using the theory of planned behavior. IATSS Research, 46(1), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iatssr.2022.02.001
Torres-Tellez, J., & Montero, A. (2022). Delincuencia juvenil en España: Un análisis empírico tras la crisis económica de 2008. Revista de Ciencias Sociales (Ve), XXVIII(1), 20-32. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v28i1.37667
Youth Justice Board (January 26, 2023). Youth Justice Statistics: 2021 to 2022 (accessible version). Youth Justice Board. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/youth-justice-statistics-2021-to-2022/youth-justice-statistics-2021-to-2022-accessible-version
Yusuf, M. (2023). Challenges in mitigating youth violence in bo city. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 11(7), 418-428. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2023.117029
Zane, S. N., & Mears, D. P. (2023). Who Deserves Diversion? A Theoretical Critique of Mitigation, Consequentialism, and the Juvenile Court. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 39(4), 570-589. https://doi.org/10.1177/10439862231189616
Publicado
2024-10-18
Cómo citar
Lara-Paredes, S. J., Alcívar-Junco, G. del C., & Pérez-Cepeda, M. (2024). Youth criminal intentions under the scope of the theory of planned behavior. Revista De Ciencias Sociales, 30, 25-38. https://doi.org/10.31876/rcs.v30i.42827
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Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
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