Análisis del riesgo anestésico con radiografía torácica preoperatoria de rutina en perros y gatos
Resumen
La radiografía torácica es una herramienta valiosa no solo para detectar y evaluar enfermedades intratorácicas, sino también para diagnosticar afecciones sistémicas. Además, ayuda a determinar el protocolo de anestesia más adecuado según un sistema de clasificación del estado físico. Este estudio evaluó los sistemas cardiovascular y respiratorio de pacientes sometidos a radiografías torácicas de rutina y se analizaron los riesgos de la anestesia, considerando para ello factores como la edad, los procedimientos quirúrgicos planificados y las comorbilidades. Para lograrlo, se evaluaron las radiografías torácicas tomadas durante el período preoperatorio de gatos y perros presentados en la Facultad de Veterinaria de la Universidad de Estambul–Cerrahpaşa, Departamento de Cirugía, Clínica de Otorrinolaringología (ENT) entre 2018 y 2021 para cirugías de Otorrinolaringología planificadas. La puntuación del estado físico ASA de cada paciente se determinó en función del examen físico, los resultados de laboratorio y los hallazgos radiográficos. Se incluyeron en la evaluación un total de 237 animales (140 gatos y 97 perros). Las estructuras extratorácicas, la pleura, el parénquima pulmonar y el mediastino se examinaron por separado y se clasificaron como normales o con lesiones que podrían suponer un riesgo anestésico. En 103 pacientes, no se observaron lesiones en la radiografía torácica y estos pacientes se clasificaron como normales. Sin embargo, se identificaron lesiones que podrían aumentar potencialmente el riesgo anestésico en los 134 pacientes restantes. En conclusión, la radiografía torácica es una herramienta fundamental para el diagnóstico y la evaluación del riesgo, en particular en animales con enfermedades del tracto respiratorio superior. Los hallazgos de este estudio destacan que las obstrucciones de las vías respiratorias y las patologías pulmonares se observan comúnmente en varios grupos de edad, especialmente en razas braquicéfalas, lo que subraya la importancia de la radiografía torácica de rutina en las evaluaciones preoperatorias.
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