Revista Cienca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
Recibido: 16/11/2024 Aceptado: 17/12/2024 Publicado: 28/02/2025
hps://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e35572
Received: 12/07/2024 Accepted: 29/10/2024 Published: xx/01/2025 1 of 7
https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e35488 Revista Cientíca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
ABSTRACT
Dimethoate (DMT) pesticide is one of the chemicals used to
protect some agricultural areas from harmful organisms. DMT
residues released directly or indirectly to the environment
cause serious problems in nature. DMT residues mixed with the
aquatic environment adversely affect aquatic organisms and
this effect is carried to humans through the food chain. In this
study, oxidative stress responses induced by DMT pesticide in
Pontastacusleptodactylus were investigated. For this purpose,
oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters Thiobarbituric acid
reactive substances (TBARS), Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide
dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase
(GPX) caused by dimethoate (DMT) pesticide in P. leptodactylus
at 17.5, 35, and 70 mg·L
-1
concentrations at 24 and 96 hours
were investigated. Results were determined using ELISA kits.
No signicant difference was observed in GSH levels and SOD
activities compared to control. Statistically signicant differences
were observed between decreases in CAT and GPx activities and
increases in TBARS levels. SPSS 24.0 package program one–way
ANOVA (Duncan 0.05) was used in the evaluation of biochemical
analyzes. As a result, it was determined that DMT caused oxidative
stress formation in P.leptodactylus and caused changes in enzyme
activities.
Key words: Dimethoate, Pontastacus leptodactylus, oxidative
stress, antioxidant, biomarkers
RESUMEN
El pesticida dimetoato (DMT) es uno de los productos químicos
utilizados para proteger algunas áreas agrícolas de organismos
nocivos. Los residuos de DMT liberados directa o indirectamente
al medio ambiente causan graves problemas en la naturaleza.
Los residuos de DMT mezclados con el medio acuático afectan
negativamente a los organismos acuáticos y este efecto se
transmite a los humanos a través de la cadena alimentaria. En este
estudio, se investigaron las respuestas al estrés oxidativo inducidas
por el pesticida DMT en Pontastacus leptodactylus. Para ello, se
investigaron el estrés oxidativo y los parámetros antioxidantes
Sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), glutatión
(GSH), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT) y glutatión
peroxidasa (GPX) causados por el pesticida dimetoato (DMT)
en P. leptodactylus en concentraciones de 17,5; 35 y 70 mg·L
-1
a las 24 y 96 horas. Los resultados se determinaron utilizando
kits de ELISA. No se observaron diferencias signicativas en los
niveles de GSH y las actividades de SOD en comparación con el
control. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente signicativas
entre disminuciones en las actividades de CAT y GPx y aumentos
en los niveles de TBARS. Se utilizó ANOVA unidireccional del
programa SPSS 24.0 (Duncan 0,05) en la evaluación de los análisis
bioquímicos. Como resultado, se determinó que el DMT provocó
la formación de estrés oxidativo en P. leptodactylus y provocó
cambios en las actividades enzimáticas.
Palabras clave: Dimetoato, Pontastacus leptodactylus, estrés
oxidativo, antioxidante, biomarcadores.
The effect of Dimethoate on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses
of Pontastacus leptodactylus
El efecto del dimetoato sobre el estrés oxidativo y las respuestas
antioxidantes de Pontastacus leptodactylus
Ayşe Nur Aydın1 , Hilal Bulut2* , Osman Serdar3
1Central Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Türkiye. Trabzon, Türkiye.
2Firat University, Fisheries Faculty. Elazig, Türkiye.
3Munzur University, Fisheries Faculty. Tunceli, Türkiye.
*Corresponding author: hhaykir@rat.edu.tr
UNIVERSIDAD
DEL ZULIA
Serbiluz
Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y
de Información
Biblioteca Digital
Repositorio Académico
1 of 9
Determinaon of Beekeepers’ Thoughts on Current Problems
and Colony Losses
Determinación de la opinión de los apicultores sobre los problemas actuales
y las pérdidas de colonias
Ömer Erten1 * , Yahya Öztürk2
1Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Kemaliye Hacı Ali Akın Vocaonal School, Department of Veterinary Medicine. Erzincan, Türkiye
2Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur Vocaonal School of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Burdur, Turkey
*Correspondence: oerten@erzincan.edu.tr
ABSTRACT
The aim of this arcle is to examine the current problems of
beekeepers in Turkey and the eects of these problems on co-
lony losses and to determine the thoughts and soluon sug-
gesons of beekeepers against this situaon. The research was
conducted with 412 beekeepers in Turkey between February
and May 2024. In order to determine the beekeepers to be sur-
veyed, a preliminary study was conducted with 50 beekeepers
from dierent provinces. It was determined that 95.6% of the
parcipants were male, 50.7% were in the 31-50 age range,
the majority (87.6%) were married and 49.3% were university
graduates (P<0.01). While 27.7% of the beekeepers purchased
queen bees for their colonies commercially, 57.0% of them
produced them themselves (P<0.01). High input costs were
stated as the most important problem of Turkish beekeeping
by 30.8%. The most common disease and pest encountered by
beekeepers was Varroa destructor with 79.4% (P<0.01). As a
result, this study reveals beekeepers’ perspecves on current
problems and colony losses and evaluates how a sustainable
producon can be made by addressing the main problems in
the beekeeping sector. The study emphasises the necessity of
policies and pracces at local and naonal level for the susta-
inability of the beekeeping sector and the reducon of colony
losses.
Key words: Honey bee; beekeeping problems; varroa destructor; di-
sease
RESUMEN
El objevo de este arculo es examinar los problemas actuales
de los apicultores en Turquía y los efectos de estos problemas
en las pérdidas de colonias, así como determinar las ideas y su-
gerencias de solución de los apicultores frente a esta situación.
La invesgación se llevó a cabo con 412 apicultores de Turquía
entre febrero y mayo de 2024. Para determinar los apiculto-
res a encuestar, se realizó un estudio preliminar con 50 api-
cultores de diferentes provincias. Se determinó que el 95,6%
de los parcipantes eran hombres, el 50,7% tenían entre 31 y
50 años, la mayoría (87,6%) estaban casados y el 49,3% eran
tulados universitarios (P<0,01). Mientras que el 27,7% de los
apicultores compraban abejas reinas para sus colonias con -
nes comerciales, el 57,0% las producían ellos mismos (P<0,01).
El 30,8% de los apicultores turcos declararon que el problema
más importante de la apicultura turca era el elevado coste de
los insumos. La enfermedad y plaga más común a la que se en-
frentaron los apicultores fue Varroa destructor, con un 79,4%
(P<0,01). Como resultado, este estudio revela las perspecvas
de los apicultores sobre los problemas actuales y las pérdidas
de colonias, y evalúa cómo puede lograrse una producción
sostenible abordando los principales problemas del sector apí-
cola. El estudio subraya la necesidad de polícas y práccas a
escala local y nacional para la sostenibilidad del sector apícola
y la reducción de las pérdidas de colonias.
Palabras clave: Abeja melífera; problemas de apicultura; Varroa dest-
ructor; enfermedad
Loss of colonies in Beekeeping / Erten and Öztürk
Received: 12/07/2024 Accepted: 29/10/2024 Published: xx/01/2025 1 of 7
https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e35488 Revista Cientíca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
ABSTRACT
Dimethoate (DMT) pesticide is one of the chemicals used to
protect some agricultural areas from harmful organisms. DMT
residues released directly or indirectly to the environment
cause serious problems in nature. DMT residues mixed with the
aquatic environment adversely affect aquatic organisms and
this effect is carried to humans through the food chain. In this
study, oxidative stress responses induced by DMT pesticide in
Pontastacusleptodactylus were investigated. For this purpose,
oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters Thiobarbituric acid
reactive substances (TBARS), Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide
dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase
(GPX) caused by dimethoate (DMT) pesticide in P. leptodactylus
at 17.5, 35, and 70 mg·L
-1
concentrations at 24 and 96 hours
were investigated. Results were determined using ELISA kits.
No signicant difference was observed in GSH levels and SOD
activities compared to control. Statistically signicant differences
were observed between decreases in CAT and GPx activities and
increases in TBARS levels. SPSS 24.0 package program one–way
ANOVA (Duncan 0.05) was used in the evaluation of biochemical
analyzes. As a result, it was determined that DMT caused oxidative
stress formation in P.leptodactylus and caused changes in enzyme
activities.
Key words: Dimethoate, Pontastacus leptodactylus, oxidative
stress, antioxidant, biomarkers
RESUMEN
El pesticida dimetoato (DMT) es uno de los productos químicos
utilizados para proteger algunas áreas agrícolas de organismos
nocivos. Los residuos de DMT liberados directa o indirectamente
al medio ambiente causan graves problemas en la naturaleza.
Los residuos de DMT mezclados con el medio acuático afectan
negativamente a los organismos acuáticos y este efecto se
transmite a los humanos a través de la cadena alimentaria. En este
estudio, se investigaron las respuestas al estrés oxidativo inducidas
por el pesticida DMT en Pontastacus leptodactylus. Para ello, se
investigaron el estrés oxidativo y los parámetros antioxidantes
Sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), glutatión
(GSH), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT) y glutatión
peroxidasa (GPX) causados por el pesticida dimetoato (DMT)
en P. leptodactylus en concentraciones de 17,5; 35 y 70 mg·L
-1
a las 24 y 96 horas. Los resultados se determinaron utilizando
kits de ELISA. No se observaron diferencias signicativas en los
niveles de GSH y las actividades de SOD en comparación con el
control. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente signicativas
entre disminuciones en las actividades de CAT y GPx y aumentos
en los niveles de TBARS. Se utilizó ANOVA unidireccional del
programa SPSS 24.0 (Duncan 0,05) en la evaluación de los análisis
bioquímicos. Como resultado, se determinó que el DMT provocó
la formación de estrés oxidativo en P. leptodactylus y provocó
cambios en las actividades enzimáticas.
Palabras clave: Dimetoato, Pontastacus leptodactylus, estrés
oxidativo, antioxidante, biomarcadores.
The effect of Dimethoate on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses
of Pontastacus leptodactylus
El efecto del dimetoato sobre el estrés oxidativo y las respuestas
antioxidantes de Pontastacus leptodactylus
Ayşe Nur Aydın1 , Hilal Bulut2* , Osman Serdar3
1Central Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Türkiye. Trabzon, Türkiye.
2Firat University, Fisheries Faculty. Elazig, Türkiye.
3Munzur University, Fisheries Faculty. Tunceli, Türkiye.
*Corresponding author: hhaykir@rat.edu.tr
Received: 12/07/2024 Accepted: 29/10/2024 Published: xx/01/2025 1 of 7
https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e35488 Revista Cientíca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
ABSTRACT
Dimethoate (DMT) pesticide is one of the chemicals used to
protect some agricultural areas from harmful organisms. DMT
residues released directly or indirectly to the environment
cause serious problems in nature. DMT residues mixed with the
aquatic environment adversely affect aquatic organisms and
this effect is carried to humans through the food chain. In this
study, oxidative stress responses induced by DMT pesticide in
Pontastacusleptodactylus were investigated. For this purpose,
oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters Thiobarbituric acid
reactive substances (TBARS), Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide
dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase
(GPX) caused by dimethoate (DMT) pesticide in P. leptodactylus
at 17.5, 35, and 70 mg·L
-1
concentrations at 24 and 96 hours
were investigated. Results were determined using ELISA kits.
No signicant difference was observed in GSH levels and SOD
activities compared to control. Statistically signicant differences
were observed between decreases in CAT and GPx activities and
increases in TBARS levels. SPSS 24.0 package program one–way
ANOVA (Duncan 0.05) was used in the evaluation of biochemical
analyzes. As a result, it was determined that DMT caused oxidative
stress formation in P.leptodactylus and caused changes in enzyme
activities.
Key words: Dimethoate, Pontastacus leptodactylus, oxidative
stress, antioxidant, biomarkers
RESUMEN
El pesticida dimetoato (DMT) es uno de los productos químicos
utilizados para proteger algunas áreas agrícolas de organismos
nocivos. Los residuos de DMT liberados directa o indirectamente
al medio ambiente causan graves problemas en la naturaleza.
Los residuos de DMT mezclados con el medio acuático afectan
negativamente a los organismos acuáticos y este efecto se
transmite a los humanos a través de la cadena alimentaria. En este
estudio, se investigaron las respuestas al estrés oxidativo inducidas
por el pesticida DMT en Pontastacus leptodactylus. Para ello, se
investigaron el estrés oxidativo y los parámetros antioxidantes
Sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), glutatión
(GSH), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT) y glutatión
peroxidasa (GPX) causados por el pesticida dimetoato (DMT)
en P. leptodactylus en concentraciones de 17,5; 35 y 70 mg·L
-1
a las 24 y 96 horas. Los resultados se determinaron utilizando
kits de ELISA. No se observaron diferencias signicativas en los
niveles de GSH y las actividades de SOD en comparación con el
control. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente signicativas
entre disminuciones en las actividades de CAT y GPx y aumentos
en los niveles de TBARS. Se utilizó ANOVA unidireccional del
programa SPSS 24.0 (Duncan 0,05) en la evaluación de los análisis
bioquímicos. Como resultado, se determinó que el DMT provocó
la formación de estrés oxidativo en P. leptodactylus y provocó
cambios en las actividades enzimáticas.
Palabras clave: Dimetoato, Pontastacus leptodactylus, estrés
oxidativo, antioxidante, biomarcadores.
The effect of Dimethoate on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses
of Pontastacus leptodactylus
El efecto del dimetoato sobre el estrés oxidativo y las respuestas
antioxidantes de Pontastacus leptodactylus
Ayşe Nur Aydın1 , Hilal Bulut2* , Osman Serdar3
1Central Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Türkiye. Trabzon, Türkiye.
2Firat University, Fisheries Faculty. Elazig, Türkiye.
3Munzur University, Fisheries Faculty. Tunceli, Türkiye.
*Corresponding author: hhaykir@rat.edu.tr
UNIVERSIDAD
DEL ZULIA
Serbiluz
Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y
de Información
Biblioteca Digital
Repositorio Académico
INTRODUCTİON
Turkey has an important posion in world beekeeping in
terms of its wide geography, rich vegetaon and racial diversity
of honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies. Beekeeping is a low-cost
livestock breeding acvity that provides nancial contribuon
to producers and the naonal economy and does not require
much labour force. The ulisaon of natural resources in nature
by honey bees is also of great importance for the sustainabili-
ty of agricultural producon [1 ,2]. The fact that there are four
seasons in Turkey, that each region has its own pollen, nectar
and plant ora and that owering periods spread over dierent
mes provide advantages for inerant beekeeping. In addion,
the diversity of honey bee races and ecotypes that can adapt to
dierent ecological condions constutes an important factor
for Turkish beekeeping [3].
Honey bees live in highly organised colonies as social insects
with a clear hierarchy. Beekeepers therefore need a good under-
standing of their behaviour and biology in order to manage their
colonies eecvely. A colony usually consists of a single queen,
thousands of female worker bees and several hundred drones.
The queen’s job is to lay eggs, while the worker bees undertake
various tasks such as nectar and pollen collecon, brood care
and hive defence. The drones mostly full the mang funcon
with the queen [4]. Most of the beekeepers in Turkey are en-
gaged in inerant beekeeping. Some other beekeepers prefer
staonary beekeeping due to problems such as accommodaon
and security. It is of great importance to determine the prob-
lems of accommodaon, low yield, origin of queen bees, lack of
informaon on care and feeding, and markeng problems sci-
encally and to oer soluons for the producers who connue
beekeeping as their main source of livelihood [5].
In beekeeping, training in the care and feeding of bees,
queen breeding and breeding studies, harvesng and storage
of honey, protecon of bees and hives from parasites and dis-
eases, branding and increasing product value are of great im-
portance. Experience and ulisaon of internet resources are
among the important factors aecng producvity and income
[6]. Although beekeeping acvies are being carried out in a
more professional manner, various developments that negave-
ly aect producon have been observed recently. The most im-
portant of these negavies is the increase in bee mortality and
colony losses together with low producvity [7]. The causes of
losses in bee colonies include many factors such as bee diseas-
es, parasites, pescide use, environmental factors and socioeco-
nomic factors [8].
There are approximately 101 million honey bee colonies in
the world. When we analyse the total number of colonies in the
world on the basis of countries, India ranks rst with a share
of 12.5%, China ranks second with a share of 9.2% and Turkey
ranks third with a share of 8.9%. In addion, a total of approxi-
mately 1.8 million tonnes of honey is produced from these col-
onies. In world honey producon, China ranks rst with a share
of 25.2% (462 thousand tonnes) and Turkey ranks second with a
share of 6.5% (118 thousand tonnes) [9]. Turkey has an import-
ant place in honey bee colony existence and honey producon
in the world. The natural condions of the country make Turkey
a strong actor in honey producon and beekeeping acvies
contribute to the rural economy. Therefore, the development
and support of beekeeping in Turkey is of great importance to
increase both domesc supply and exports.
The aim of this arcle is to examine the current problems of
beekeepers in Turkey and the eects of these problems on col-
ony losses and to determine the thoughts of beekeepers about
this situaon and their soluon suggesons.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The research was carried out with 412 beekeepers in Tur-
key between February and May 2024. In order to determine the
beekeepers to be surveyed, a preliminary study was conducted
with 50 beekeepers from dierent provinces. Muğla, Ordu, An-
kara, Adana, Adana, Sivas, Erzincan, Balıkesir and Şanlıurfa prov-
inces from dierent regions were included in the study to rep-
resent the sample size. The beekeepers were reached through
the Beekeepers Associaon and beekeeping equipment sales
points. The beekeepers to be surveyed were randomly reached
from dierent socioeconomic and educaonal levels of the soci-
ety during their visits to these points. Among these people, face-
to-face and/or online surveys were conducted with those who
agreed to parcipate in the survey. The people who will work
as surveyors in the study were informed about the purpose of
the study, survey quesons and study plan. For face-to-face sur-
veys, parcipants were not allowed to answer the quesonnaire
more than once. In addion, in online surveys, brief informaon
was given for the study and if the IP numbers sent through the
system were the same, it was applied in a way to prevent rep-
eon.
The data obtained from the answers given to these ques-
onnaire quesons constuted the research material. The re-
spondents were asked 23 quesons to determine the sociode-
mographic characteriscs of beekeepers and their opinions on
beekeeping problems and colony losses. The ethical approval
required for the research was obtained from Erzincan Binali
Yıldırım University Human Research Science and Engineering
Sciences Ethics Commiee in Turkey (decision dated 26.11.2023
and numbered 04/01). The quesons used in the quesonnaire
were prepared by the research team by ulising similar ques-
ons from previous studies [10 ,11 ,12].
In the data obtained from the quesonnaire study, descrip-
ve stascs were created by calculang numerical and percent-
age (%) frequencies for each parameter. Chi-square test was ap-
plied for the comparisons of the answers given to the quesons
directed to the beekeepers regarding their preferences between
the opons. In the analyses, p<0.05 was taken as signicance
level [13]. Frequency calculaons and Chi-square analyses were
performed using SPSS 22.0 programme [14].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The ndings of this study reveal the main problems faced by
beekeeping producers in Turkey and the eects of these prob-
lems on colony losses. The ndings were evaluated based on
the sociodemographic characteriscs of the parcipants, their
level of knowledge about beekeeping, the problems they face
and their opinions about these problems. Sociodemographic
characteriscs of the beekeepers parcipang in the study were
analysed with the help of descripve stascs. The distribuon
of the parcipants according to gender, age, marital status, edu-
caon level and number of people in the household is presented
in TABLE I.
2 of 9
Revista Cienca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
Received: 12/07/2024 Accepted: 29/10/2024 Published: xx/01/2025 1 of 7
https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e35488 Revista Cientíca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
ABSTRACT
Dimethoate (DMT) pesticide is one of the chemicals used to
protect some agricultural areas from harmful organisms. DMT
residues released directly or indirectly to the environment
cause serious problems in nature. DMT residues mixed with the
aquatic environment adversely affect aquatic organisms and
this effect is carried to humans through the food chain. In this
study, oxidative stress responses induced by DMT pesticide in
Pontastacusleptodactylus were investigated. For this purpose,
oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters Thiobarbituric acid
reactive substances (TBARS), Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide
dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase
(GPX) caused by dimethoate (DMT) pesticide in P. leptodactylus
at 17.5, 35, and 70 mg·L
-1
concentrations at 24 and 96 hours
were investigated. Results were determined using ELISA kits.
No signicant difference was observed in GSH levels and SOD
activities compared to control. Statistically signicant differences
were observed between decreases in CAT and GPx activities and
increases in TBARS levels. SPSS 24.0 package program one–way
ANOVA (Duncan 0.05) was used in the evaluation of biochemical
analyzes. As a result, it was determined that DMT caused oxidative
stress formation in P.leptodactylus and caused changes in enzyme
activities.
Key words: Dimethoate, Pontastacus leptodactylus, oxidative
stress, antioxidant, biomarkers
RESUMEN
El pesticida dimetoato (DMT) es uno de los productos químicos
utilizados para proteger algunas áreas agrícolas de organismos
nocivos. Los residuos de DMT liberados directa o indirectamente
al medio ambiente causan graves problemas en la naturaleza.
Los residuos de DMT mezclados con el medio acuático afectan
negativamente a los organismos acuáticos y este efecto se
transmite a los humanos a través de la cadena alimentaria. En este
estudio, se investigaron las respuestas al estrés oxidativo inducidas
por el pesticida DMT en Pontastacus leptodactylus. Para ello, se
investigaron el estrés oxidativo y los parámetros antioxidantes
Sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), glutatión
(GSH), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT) y glutatión
peroxidasa (GPX) causados por el pesticida dimetoato (DMT)
en P. leptodactylus en concentraciones de 17,5; 35 y 70 mg·L
-1
a las 24 y 96 horas. Los resultados se determinaron utilizando
kits de ELISA. No se observaron diferencias signicativas en los
niveles de GSH y las actividades de SOD en comparación con el
control. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente signicativas
entre disminuciones en las actividades de CAT y GPx y aumentos
en los niveles de TBARS. Se utilizó ANOVA unidireccional del
programa SPSS 24.0 (Duncan 0,05) en la evaluación de los análisis
bioquímicos. Como resultado, se determinó que el DMT provocó
la formación de estrés oxidativo en P. leptodactylus y provocó
cambios en las actividades enzimáticas.
Palabras clave: Dimetoato, Pontastacus leptodactylus, estrés
oxidativo, antioxidante, biomarcadores.
The effect of Dimethoate on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses
of Pontastacus leptodactylus
El efecto del dimetoato sobre el estrés oxidativo y las respuestas
antioxidantes de Pontastacus leptodactylus
Ayşe Nur Aydın1 , Hilal Bulut2* , Osman Serdar3
1Central Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Türkiye. Trabzon, Türkiye.
2Firat University, Fisheries Faculty. Elazig, Türkiye.
3Munzur University, Fisheries Faculty. Tunceli, Türkiye.
*Corresponding author: hhaykir@rat.edu.tr
UNIVERSIDAD
DEL ZULIA
Serbiluz
Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y
de Información
Biblioteca Digital
Repositorio Académico
TABLE I.
Sociodemographic characteriscs of beekeepers
Quesons Answers Frequency
n %
Gender Female 18 4.4
Male 394 95.6
P**
Age (Years)
18-30 years old 44 10.7
31-50 years old 209 50.7
51 years old and above 159 38.6
P**
Marital status Married 361 87.6
Single 51 12.4
P**
Educaonal status
Primary Educaon-Secondary
Educaon 145 35.2
Associate Degree-Undergraduate 203 49.3
Postgraduate 64 15.5
P**
Number of people
in the household
I live alone 18 4.4
2 people 44 10.7
3 people 84 20.4
4 people and above 266 64.5
P**
Total 412 100
**:P<0.01
In the current study, it was found that 95.6% of the parc-
ipants were male, 50.7% were in the 31-50 age range, the ma-
jority (87.6%) were married and 49.3% were university gradu-
ates. In addion, the study shows that most of the parcipants
(64.5%) live in crowded households. These data obtained in the
study form a general prole of the sociodemographic charac-
teriscs of beekeepers in Turkey and the dierences between
groups are signicant (P<0.01).
In this study, it shows that men are in the majority (95.6%)
in the beekeeping sector (P<0.01). Areas such as agriculture
and animal husbandry are oen seen as occupaons associated
with men. This is a departure from gender roles and tradion-
al expectaons. Socially ingrained ideas, such as the connued
physical strength of men and the restricon of women to more
domesc roles, may result in women being less interested in
outdoor occupaons such as beekeeping. In addion, women
may have preferred it less because of the accommodaon and
safety issues in rural and inerant beekeeping. The ndings of
this study are in line with Köseman et al. [10], Özbakır et al. [15],
Üçeş and Erişir [16], Arslan [17], Aksoy et al. [18], Çevrimli [19],
Burucu and Gülse Bal [20], Şeviş [21], Söğüt et al. [22], Karahan
[23], Albayrak [24], Kaya [25] and Şengül [26].
When the age groups were analysed, it was determined that
50.7% of the parcipants were between 31-50 years old. This
situaon shows that beekeepers are mostly gathered in the mid-
dle age group (P<0.01). It was noteworthy that young individuals
were the least (10.7%) among the beekeepers in the study. This
indicates that beekeepers are considered by people as an oc-
cupaonal opon, despite the high youth populaon in Turkey
and the changing distribuon of power raos. Therefore, this
profession should be encouraged in order to overcome the de-
ciencies in beekeeping, make it more aracve and rejuvenate
it [10]. The ndings of this study were consistent with the results
of İnci et al. [27] were consistent with the results of. It was also
determined that the majority of the parcipants (87.6%) were
married (P<0.01).
When the educaonal level of the parcipants was analysed,
it was determined that 49.3% of them had associate degree or
bachelor’s degree and 15.5% had postgraduate educaon. It
was observed that more than half of the parcipants had high-
er educaon level (P<0.01). In modern beekeeping, there are
not only the limits of basic operaons such as hive maintenance
and honey producon. It also requires knowledge of producon
technologies, biology and ecology, diseases and pest control.
Beekeepers with high level of educaon can access and apply
such knowledge and techniques more easily. According to the
ndings of the present research, the proporon of beekeepers
who graduated from higher educaon instuons is higher than
those of Tunca and Çimrin [28], Köseman et al. [10], Karahan et
al. [12]. This dierence in the present study conducted through-
out Turkey may be due to the fact that the other studies were
conducted in local regions.
In the present study, when the distribuon of the surveyed
beekeepers according to the number of people in the house-
hold was analysed, 4.4% stated that they lived alone and 64.5%
stated that they lived with four or more people. These results
show that the respondents mostly live in crowded households
(P<0.01). In beekeeping, crowded families have some import-
ant advantages. These advantages provide ease in performing
various tasks such as labour availability, sustainability of the
business, compleon of hives, harvesng, product packaging,
markeng and regular checks on the health of bees. In crowded
families, these tasks can be done more quickly and eciently,
everyone undertakes a certain task and ensures the connuity
of the work. In this study, the data on the number of households
were analysed according to Köseman et al. [10] reported (70.5%)
that there were four or more people living in the household.
In this secon, the level of beekeepers’ knowledge on bee
husbandry, beekeeping acvies and data on bee products
were analysed. Various aspects such as the parcipants’ years
of experience, the way they consider beekeeping as a livelihood,
number of hives, wintering methods, types of beekeeping, prod-
uct markeng methods and sources of informaon were evalu-
ated and the results of the study are presented in TABLE II.
3 of 9
Loss of colonies in Beekeeping / Erten and Öztürk
Received: 12/07/2024 Accepted: 29/10/2024 Published: xx/01/2025 1 of 7
https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e35488 Revista Cientíca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
ABSTRACT
Dimethoate (DMT) pesticide is one of the chemicals used to
protect some agricultural areas from harmful organisms. DMT
residues released directly or indirectly to the environment
cause serious problems in nature. DMT residues mixed with the
aquatic environment adversely affect aquatic organisms and
this effect is carried to humans through the food chain. In this
study, oxidative stress responses induced by DMT pesticide in
Pontastacusleptodactylus were investigated. For this purpose,
oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters Thiobarbituric acid
reactive substances (TBARS), Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide
dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase
(GPX) caused by dimethoate (DMT) pesticide in P. leptodactylus
at 17.5, 35, and 70 mg·L
-1
concentrations at 24 and 96 hours
were investigated. Results were determined using ELISA kits.
No signicant difference was observed in GSH levels and SOD
activities compared to control. Statistically signicant differences
were observed between decreases in CAT and GPx activities and
increases in TBARS levels. SPSS 24.0 package program one–way
ANOVA (Duncan 0.05) was used in the evaluation of biochemical
analyzes. As a result, it was determined that DMT caused oxidative
stress formation in P.leptodactylus and caused changes in enzyme
activities.
Key words: Dimethoate, Pontastacus leptodactylus, oxidative
stress, antioxidant, biomarkers
RESUMEN
El pesticida dimetoato (DMT) es uno de los productos químicos
utilizados para proteger algunas áreas agrícolas de organismos
nocivos. Los residuos de DMT liberados directa o indirectamente
al medio ambiente causan graves problemas en la naturaleza.
Los residuos de DMT mezclados con el medio acuático afectan
negativamente a los organismos acuáticos y este efecto se
transmite a los humanos a través de la cadena alimentaria. En este
estudio, se investigaron las respuestas al estrés oxidativo inducidas
por el pesticida DMT en Pontastacus leptodactylus. Para ello, se
investigaron el estrés oxidativo y los parámetros antioxidantes
Sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), glutatión
(GSH), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT) y glutatión
peroxidasa (GPX) causados por el pesticida dimetoato (DMT)
en P. leptodactylus en concentraciones de 17,5; 35 y 70 mg·L
-1
a las 24 y 96 horas. Los resultados se determinaron utilizando
kits de ELISA. No se observaron diferencias signicativas en los
niveles de GSH y las actividades de SOD en comparación con el
control. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente signicativas
entre disminuciones en las actividades de CAT y GPx y aumentos
en los niveles de TBARS. Se utilizó ANOVA unidireccional del
programa SPSS 24.0 (Duncan 0,05) en la evaluación de los análisis
bioquímicos. Como resultado, se determinó que el DMT provocó
la formación de estrés oxidativo en P. leptodactylus y provocó
cambios en las actividades enzimáticas.
Palabras clave: Dimetoato, Pontastacus leptodactylus, estrés
oxidativo, antioxidante, biomarcadores.
The effect of Dimethoate on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses
of Pontastacus leptodactylus
El efecto del dimetoato sobre el estrés oxidativo y las respuestas
antioxidantes de Pontastacus leptodactylus
Ayşe Nur Aydın1 , Hilal Bulut2* , Osman Serdar3
1Central Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Türkiye. Trabzon, Türkiye.
2Firat University, Fisheries Faculty. Elazig, Türkiye.
3Munzur University, Fisheries Faculty. Tunceli, Türkiye.
*Corresponding author: hhaykir@rat.edu.tr
Received: 12/07/2024 Accepted: 29/10/2024 Published: xx/01/2025 1 of 7
https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e35488 Revista Cientíca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
ABSTRACT
Dimethoate (DMT) pesticide is one of the chemicals used to
protect some agricultural areas from harmful organisms. DMT
residues released directly or indirectly to the environment
cause serious problems in nature. DMT residues mixed with the
aquatic environment adversely affect aquatic organisms and
this effect is carried to humans through the food chain. In this
study, oxidative stress responses induced by DMT pesticide in
Pontastacusleptodactylus were investigated. For this purpose,
oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters Thiobarbituric acid
reactive substances (TBARS), Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide
dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase
(GPX) caused by dimethoate (DMT) pesticide in P. leptodactylus
at 17.5, 35, and 70 mg·L
-1
concentrations at 24 and 96 hours
were investigated. Results were determined using ELISA kits.
No signicant difference was observed in GSH levels and SOD
activities compared to control. Statistically signicant differences
were observed between decreases in CAT and GPx activities and
increases in TBARS levels. SPSS 24.0 package program one–way
ANOVA (Duncan 0.05) was used in the evaluation of biochemical
analyzes. As a result, it was determined that DMT caused oxidative
stress formation in P.leptodactylus and caused changes in enzyme
activities.
Key words: Dimethoate, Pontastacus leptodactylus, oxidative
stress, antioxidant, biomarkers
RESUMEN
El pesticida dimetoato (DMT) es uno de los productos químicos
utilizados para proteger algunas áreas agrícolas de organismos
nocivos. Los residuos de DMT liberados directa o indirectamente
al medio ambiente causan graves problemas en la naturaleza.
Los residuos de DMT mezclados con el medio acuático afectan
negativamente a los organismos acuáticos y este efecto se
transmite a los humanos a través de la cadena alimentaria. En este
estudio, se investigaron las respuestas al estrés oxidativo inducidas
por el pesticida DMT en Pontastacus leptodactylus. Para ello, se
investigaron el estrés oxidativo y los parámetros antioxidantes
Sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), glutatión
(GSH), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT) y glutatión
peroxidasa (GPX) causados por el pesticida dimetoato (DMT)
en P. leptodactylus en concentraciones de 17,5; 35 y 70 mg·L
-1
a las 24 y 96 horas. Los resultados se determinaron utilizando
kits de ELISA. No se observaron diferencias signicativas en los
niveles de GSH y las actividades de SOD en comparación con el
control. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente signicativas
entre disminuciones en las actividades de CAT y GPx y aumentos
en los niveles de TBARS. Se utilizó ANOVA unidireccional del
programa SPSS 24.0 (Duncan 0,05) en la evaluación de los análisis
bioquímicos. Como resultado, se determinó que el DMT provocó
la formación de estrés oxidativo en P. leptodactylus y provocó
cambios en las actividades enzimáticas.
Palabras clave: Dimetoato, Pontastacus leptodactylus, estrés
oxidativo, antioxidante, biomarcadores.
The effect of Dimethoate on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses
of Pontastacus leptodactylus
El efecto del dimetoato sobre el estrés oxidativo y las respuestas
antioxidantes de Pontastacus leptodactylus
Ayşe Nur Aydın1 , Hilal Bulut2* , Osman Serdar3
1Central Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Türkiye. Trabzon, Türkiye.
2Firat University, Fisheries Faculty. Elazig, Türkiye.
3Munzur University, Fisheries Faculty. Tunceli, Türkiye.
*Corresponding author: hhaykir@rat.edu.tr
UNIVERSIDAD
DEL ZULIA
Serbiluz
Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y
de Información
Biblioteca Digital
Repositorio Académico
TABLE II.
Beekeepers’ knowledge about beekeeping
Quesons Answers Frequency
n %
How many years have you been doing beekeeping?
5 years or less 90 21.8
6-15 years 140 34.0
16 years or more 182 44.2
P**
How oen do you see beekeeping as a source of income?
Primary 94 22.8
Secondary 213 51.7
Terary 70 17.0
My only source of income 35 8.5
P**
Number of hives in your apiary
10 hives and less 73 17.7
11-50 hives 118 28.6
51 hives and more 221 53.7
P**
Where do you winter your bees? In the open area 379 92.0
Indoors 33 8.0
P**
What kind of beekeeping do you do? Fixed 217 52.7
Traveler 195 47.3
P*
How do you market the bee products you produce? Myself (Retail) 341 82.8
Wholesale 71 17.2
P**
Are you a member of the Beekeepers Associaon?
Yes 256 62.1
No 156 37.9
P**
Total 412 100
What bee products do you produce?
Honey 412 49.6
Pollen 236 28.4
Propolis 138 16.6
Bee bread (Perga) 26 3.2
Royal jelly 18 2.2
P**
Total 830 100
How do you access informaon about beekeeping?
I do not receive informaon 42 5.1
From books 145 17.6
From ministry organizaons 46 5.6
From experienced beekeepers 276 33.5
From the internet 223 27.1
NGO (Beekeepers’ associaon) 59 7.2
Other 32 3.9
P**
Total 823 100
*:P>0.05, **:P<0.01
4 of 9
Revista Cienca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
Received: 12/07/2024 Accepted: 29/10/2024 Published: xx/01/2025 1 of 7
https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e35488 Revista Cientíca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
ABSTRACT
Dimethoate (DMT) pesticide is one of the chemicals used to
protect some agricultural areas from harmful organisms. DMT
residues released directly or indirectly to the environment
cause serious problems in nature. DMT residues mixed with the
aquatic environment adversely affect aquatic organisms and
this effect is carried to humans through the food chain. In this
study, oxidative stress responses induced by DMT pesticide in
Pontastacusleptodactylus were investigated. For this purpose,
oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters Thiobarbituric acid
reactive substances (TBARS), Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide
dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase
(GPX) caused by dimethoate (DMT) pesticide in P. leptodactylus
at 17.5, 35, and 70 mg·L
-1
concentrations at 24 and 96 hours
were investigated. Results were determined using ELISA kits.
No signicant difference was observed in GSH levels and SOD
activities compared to control. Statistically signicant differences
were observed between decreases in CAT and GPx activities and
increases in TBARS levels. SPSS 24.0 package program one–way
ANOVA (Duncan 0.05) was used in the evaluation of biochemical
analyzes. As a result, it was determined that DMT caused oxidative
stress formation in P.leptodactylus and caused changes in enzyme
activities.
Key words: Dimethoate, Pontastacus leptodactylus, oxidative
stress, antioxidant, biomarkers
RESUMEN
El pesticida dimetoato (DMT) es uno de los productos químicos
utilizados para proteger algunas áreas agrícolas de organismos
nocivos. Los residuos de DMT liberados directa o indirectamente
al medio ambiente causan graves problemas en la naturaleza.
Los residuos de DMT mezclados con el medio acuático afectan
negativamente a los organismos acuáticos y este efecto se
transmite a los humanos a través de la cadena alimentaria. En este
estudio, se investigaron las respuestas al estrés oxidativo inducidas
por el pesticida DMT en Pontastacus leptodactylus. Para ello, se
investigaron el estrés oxidativo y los parámetros antioxidantes
Sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), glutatión
(GSH), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT) y glutatión
peroxidasa (GPX) causados por el pesticida dimetoato (DMT)
en P. leptodactylus en concentraciones de 17,5; 35 y 70 mg·L
-1
a las 24 y 96 horas. Los resultados se determinaron utilizando
kits de ELISA. No se observaron diferencias signicativas en los
niveles de GSH y las actividades de SOD en comparación con el
control. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente signicativas
entre disminuciones en las actividades de CAT y GPx y aumentos
en los niveles de TBARS. Se utilizó ANOVA unidireccional del
programa SPSS 24.0 (Duncan 0,05) en la evaluación de los análisis
bioquímicos. Como resultado, se determinó que el DMT provocó
la formación de estrés oxidativo en P. leptodactylus y provocó
cambios en las actividades enzimáticas.
Palabras clave: Dimetoato, Pontastacus leptodactylus, estrés
oxidativo, antioxidante, biomarcadores.
The effect of Dimethoate on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses
of Pontastacus leptodactylus
El efecto del dimetoato sobre el estrés oxidativo y las respuestas
antioxidantes de Pontastacus leptodactylus
Ayşe Nur Aydın1 , Hilal Bulut2* , Osman Serdar3
1Central Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Türkiye. Trabzon, Türkiye.
2Firat University, Fisheries Faculty. Elazig, Türkiye.
3Munzur University, Fisheries Faculty. Tunceli, Türkiye.
*Corresponding author: hhaykir@rat.edu.tr
UNIVERSIDAD
DEL ZULIA
Serbiluz
Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y
de Información
Biblioteca Digital
Repositorio Académico
5 of 9
When the beekeeping experience of the parcipants was
analysed, 44.2% of them have been beekeeping for 16 years or
more, 34.0% for 6-15 years and 21.8% for 5 years or less. This
nding shows that the beekeepers parcipang in the study
were mostly experienced (P<0.01). Experience in beekeeping
plays a crical role for a successful beekeeping enterprise. Is-
sues such as the natural cycles of bees, their growth, reacons
and hive management are beer understood with the ne de-
tails learnt through experience. In previous studies, the average
beekeeping experience period was 13.8 years by Demen [29],
20.8 years by Emir [30], 18.4 years by Keskin [31], 17.5 years by
Çevrimli [19], 17.5 years by Çevrimli and Sakarya [32], 18 years
by Şeviş [21], 18 years by Söğüt et al. [22] 18 years, Aktürk and
Aydın [33] 19 years, Aydın et al. [34] determined as 19.3 years.
In the present study, when the answers of the parcipants’
views on beekeeping as a source of livelihood are evaluated,
22.8% of them see beekeeping as a primary occupaon, while
51.7% see it as a secondary occupaon. The rate of those who
consider beekeeping as a terary occupaon is 17.0% and the
rate of those who consider it as the only source of livelihood is
8.5%. These ndings show that most beekeepers consider bee-
keeping as an addional source of income (P<0.01). Considering
beekeeping as a source of livelihood oers an important eco-
nomic opportunity especially for people living in rural areas. This
profession should be understood as an environmentally friendly
and sustainable livelihood in touch with nature. The reason why
beekeeping and bee products are not fully ulised in Turkey may
be due to the fact that beekeepers do not consider beekeeping
as their only source of livelihood. The results of this study were
similar to the results reported by Köseman et al. [10] and the
results reported by Inci et al. [27], but lower than the results
reported by Inci et al.
When the number of hives in the apiary of the parcipants
is evaluated, 53.7% of them have 51 or more hives, 28.6% have
11-50 hives and 17.7% have 10 or less hives. This shows that
most of the parcipants have a high number of hives (P<0.01).
The majority of the beekeepers (92.0%) overwinter their bees in
the open eld, while 8.0% overwinter their bees indoors. Over-
wintering method may have signicant eects on bee health ac-
cording to climac condions (P<0.01). In addion, 52.7% of the
parcipants were engaged in staonary beekeeping and 47.3%
were engaged in mobile beekeeping. These rates show that bee-
keepers prefer both staonary and inerant beekeeping wide-
ly. The results of the present study are lower than the rate of
inerant beekeeping reported by Karlıdağ and Köseman [1] in
Malatya and Kutlu and Kılıç [35] in Elazığ. This dierence in the
present study, which was conducted throughout Turkey, may be
due to regional dierences in other studies.
In this study, when the product markeng methods of the
parcipants were evaluated, 82.8% of them market the bee
products produced by themselves as retail, while 17.2% of
them sell them wholesale. These ndings reveal that beekeep-
ers mostly prefer individual markeng (P<0.01). While 62.1%
of the parcipants stated that they were members of the Bee
Breeders Associaon, 37.9% stated that they were not. This sit-
uaon shows that union membership is common among bee-
keepers (P<0.01). Half of the beekeepers produce honey (4.6%),
28.4% produce pollen, 16.6% produce propolis, 3.2% produce
bee bread and 2.2% produce royal jelly. The variety of products
produced shows that beekeepers produce dierent bee prod-
ucts (P<0.01). While 33.5% of the beekeepers used experienced
beekeepers as a source of informaon, 27.1% used the internet,
17.6% used books, 7.2% used non-governmental organisaons,
5.6% used ministry organisaons and 5.1% stated that they did
not need any informaon source. It shows that beekeepers
mostly benet from experienced beekeepers and the internet in
accessing informaon.
When these ndings are analysed in detail, it is revealed that
most of the beekeepers in Turkey consider beekeeping as an ad-
dional income and have been in this sector for many years. Es-
pecially the sharing of experience and knowledge is an import-
ant factor in ensuring sustainability in beekeeping. While the
fact that beekeeping is seen as the second source of livelihood
emphasises the professionalisaon potenal of the sector, it is
seen that increasing markeng support and trainings can con-
tribute to producvity. In addion, the fact that the parcipants
mostly market bee products themselves shows the importance
of branding and product value creaon. In summary, supporve
studies on the informaon sources, producon and markeng
methods of beekeepers in Turkey can contribute to the develop-
ment of the sector.
The data on queen supply, queen replacement interval,
queen importance and quality criteria knowledge levels and
sasfacon of beekeepers for their colonies were analysed. In
line with the opinions of the parcipants, their thoughts about
queen bee were evaluated in various aspects and the results of
the study are presented in TABLE III.
Loss of colonies in Beekeeping / Erten and Öztürk
Received: 12/07/2024 Accepted: 29/10/2024 Published: xx/01/2025 1 of 7
https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e35488 Revista Cientíca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
ABSTRACT
Dimethoate (DMT) pesticide is one of the chemicals used to
protect some agricultural areas from harmful organisms. DMT
residues released directly or indirectly to the environment
cause serious problems in nature. DMT residues mixed with the
aquatic environment adversely affect aquatic organisms and
this effect is carried to humans through the food chain. In this
study, oxidative stress responses induced by DMT pesticide in
Pontastacusleptodactylus were investigated. For this purpose,
oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters Thiobarbituric acid
reactive substances (TBARS), Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide
dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase
(GPX) caused by dimethoate (DMT) pesticide in P. leptodactylus
at 17.5, 35, and 70 mg·L
-1
concentrations at 24 and 96 hours
were investigated. Results were determined using ELISA kits.
No signicant difference was observed in GSH levels and SOD
activities compared to control. Statistically signicant differences
were observed between decreases in CAT and GPx activities and
increases in TBARS levels. SPSS 24.0 package program one–way
ANOVA (Duncan 0.05) was used in the evaluation of biochemical
analyzes. As a result, it was determined that DMT caused oxidative
stress formation in P.leptodactylus and caused changes in enzyme
activities.
Key words: Dimethoate, Pontastacus leptodactylus, oxidative
stress, antioxidant, biomarkers
RESUMEN
El pesticida dimetoato (DMT) es uno de los productos químicos
utilizados para proteger algunas áreas agrícolas de organismos
nocivos. Los residuos de DMT liberados directa o indirectamente
al medio ambiente causan graves problemas en la naturaleza.
Los residuos de DMT mezclados con el medio acuático afectan
negativamente a los organismos acuáticos y este efecto se
transmite a los humanos a través de la cadena alimentaria. En este
estudio, se investigaron las respuestas al estrés oxidativo inducidas
por el pesticida DMT en Pontastacus leptodactylus. Para ello, se
investigaron el estrés oxidativo y los parámetros antioxidantes
Sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), glutatión
(GSH), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT) y glutatión
peroxidasa (GPX) causados por el pesticida dimetoato (DMT)
en P. leptodactylus en concentraciones de 17,5; 35 y 70 mg·L
-1
a las 24 y 96 horas. Los resultados se determinaron utilizando
kits de ELISA. No se observaron diferencias signicativas en los
niveles de GSH y las actividades de SOD en comparación con el
control. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente signicativas
entre disminuciones en las actividades de CAT y GPx y aumentos
en los niveles de TBARS. Se utilizó ANOVA unidireccional del
programa SPSS 24.0 (Duncan 0,05) en la evaluación de los análisis
bioquímicos. Como resultado, se determinó que el DMT provocó
la formación de estrés oxidativo en P. leptodactylus y provocó
cambios en las actividades enzimáticas.
Palabras clave: Dimetoato, Pontastacus leptodactylus, estrés
oxidativo, antioxidante, biomarcadores.
The effect of Dimethoate on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses
of Pontastacus leptodactylus
El efecto del dimetoato sobre el estrés oxidativo y las respuestas
antioxidantes de Pontastacus leptodactylus
Ayşe Nur Aydın1 , Hilal Bulut2* , Osman Serdar3
1Central Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Türkiye. Trabzon, Türkiye.
2Firat University, Fisheries Faculty. Elazig, Türkiye.
3Munzur University, Fisheries Faculty. Tunceli, Türkiye.
*Corresponding author: hhaykir@rat.edu.tr
Received: 12/07/2024 Accepted: 29/10/2024 Published: xx/01/2025 1 of 7
https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e35488 Revista Cientíca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
ABSTRACT
Dimethoate (DMT) pesticide is one of the chemicals used to
protect some agricultural areas from harmful organisms. DMT
residues released directly or indirectly to the environment
cause serious problems in nature. DMT residues mixed with the
aquatic environment adversely affect aquatic organisms and
this effect is carried to humans through the food chain. In this
study, oxidative stress responses induced by DMT pesticide in
Pontastacusleptodactylus were investigated. For this purpose,
oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters Thiobarbituric acid
reactive substances (TBARS), Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide
dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase
(GPX) caused by dimethoate (DMT) pesticide in P. leptodactylus
at 17.5, 35, and 70 mg·L
-1
concentrations at 24 and 96 hours
were investigated. Results were determined using ELISA kits.
No signicant difference was observed in GSH levels and SOD
activities compared to control. Statistically signicant differences
were observed between decreases in CAT and GPx activities and
increases in TBARS levels. SPSS 24.0 package program one–way
ANOVA (Duncan 0.05) was used in the evaluation of biochemical
analyzes. As a result, it was determined that DMT caused oxidative
stress formation in P.leptodactylus and caused changes in enzyme
activities.
Key words: Dimethoate, Pontastacus leptodactylus, oxidative
stress, antioxidant, biomarkers
RESUMEN
El pesticida dimetoato (DMT) es uno de los productos químicos
utilizados para proteger algunas áreas agrícolas de organismos
nocivos. Los residuos de DMT liberados directa o indirectamente
al medio ambiente causan graves problemas en la naturaleza.
Los residuos de DMT mezclados con el medio acuático afectan
negativamente a los organismos acuáticos y este efecto se
transmite a los humanos a través de la cadena alimentaria. En este
estudio, se investigaron las respuestas al estrés oxidativo inducidas
por el pesticida DMT en Pontastacus leptodactylus. Para ello, se
investigaron el estrés oxidativo y los parámetros antioxidantes
Sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), glutatión
(GSH), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT) y glutatión
peroxidasa (GPX) causados por el pesticida dimetoato (DMT)
en P. leptodactylus en concentraciones de 17,5; 35 y 70 mg·L
-1
a las 24 y 96 horas. Los resultados se determinaron utilizando
kits de ELISA. No se observaron diferencias signicativas en los
niveles de GSH y las actividades de SOD en comparación con el
control. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente signicativas
entre disminuciones en las actividades de CAT y GPx y aumentos
en los niveles de TBARS. Se utilizó ANOVA unidireccional del
programa SPSS 24.0 (Duncan 0,05) en la evaluación de los análisis
bioquímicos. Como resultado, se determinó que el DMT provocó
la formación de estrés oxidativo en P. leptodactylus y provocó
cambios en las actividades enzimáticas.
Palabras clave: Dimetoato, Pontastacus leptodactylus, estrés
oxidativo, antioxidante, biomarcadores.
The effect of Dimethoate on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses
of Pontastacus leptodactylus
El efecto del dimetoato sobre el estrés oxidativo y las respuestas
antioxidantes de Pontastacus leptodactylus
Ayşe Nur Aydın1 , Hilal Bulut2* , Osman Serdar3
1Central Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Türkiye. Trabzon, Türkiye.
2Firat University, Fisheries Faculty. Elazig, Türkiye.
3Munzur University, Fisheries Faculty. Tunceli, Türkiye.
*Corresponding author: hhaykir@rat.edu.tr
UNIVERSIDAD
DEL ZULIA
Serbiluz
Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y
de Información
Biblioteca Digital
Repositorio Académico
In the present study, 27.7% of the beekeepers purchase
queen bees for their colonies commercially, while 57.0% of
them produce them themselves. On the other hand, 15.3% of
the beekeepers do not make any applicaon and wait for the
colonies to produce queen bees by themselves. This shows that
beekeepers produce queen bees by themselves (P<0.05). The
majority of the beekeepers (66.0%) change the queen every two
years. According to the opinions of the parcipant beekeepers,
it was emphasised that queen bee is very important for a colo-
ny (93.0%). The majority of the beekeepers (77.7%) stated that
they knew the queen quality criteria (P<0.01). In addion, bee-
keepers reported that they were sased with the colony per-
formance of queens at good (48.8%) and medium (48.8%) levels
(P<0.01).
In similar studies, Seğmenoğlu [36] in Adana, Albayrak [24]
in Sinop, 86.0%, Tosun [37] in Van, 64.8%, Turhan [38] in Sivas,
32.0%, İnci et al. [27] reported 56.4%. Kutlu and Kılıç [35], in
their study conducted in Elazığ, reported that 26.0% of the bee-
keepers changed the queen every two years, while 50.0% did
not change the queen for various reasons. In addion, 81.0%
of the beekeepers stated that they purchased their queens and
21.0% of them produced them themselves. However, in the
same study, the queen acceptance rate of the beekeepers who
purchased their queens was low and the dissasfacon rate
(76.0%) was high. When this situaon is compared with the nd-
ings of the present study, it shows that the rate of those who sell
their queens is quite low and beekeepers who produce queens
for the colony themselves may also be sased with the colony
performances. In addion, 50.0% of the parcipants reported
that they did not change the queen in their colonies and pro-
duced their colonies by natural spling [39]. In a study conduct-
ed in Van, it was reported that 73.33% of the mobile beekeep-
ers and 76.09% of the staonary beekeepers did not purchase
queen bees commercially but produced them from their own
apiaries [40].
According to the ndings, it is seen that the majority of the
beekeepers have sucient performance and praccal skills in
queen producon for their colonies. The fact that the beekeep-
ers change the queen in the colonies every two years shows that
the beekeepers aim to minimise the negave eects of queen
growth on the operaons of the colony. In addion, it is seen
that beekeepers pay aenon to queen quality criteria and it
is understood that beekeepers are generally sased with the
performance of their queens. In this context, it is likely that
beekeepers can achieve higher success in colony health and op-
eraons by standardising queen producon, replacement per-
formances and quality criteria standards and improving their
experience.
TABLE III.
Beekeepers’ opinions on queen bee supply and queen bee management in the colony
Quesons Answers Frequency
n %
How do you obtain the queen bee?
I buy 114 27.7
I produce by graing 114 27.7
I produce by queenless method 121 29.3
The colony produces queen bees by itself 63 15.3
P*
At what interval do you change the queen bee in the colony?
Every year 85 20.6
Every 2 years 272 66.0
The colony changes automacally 55 13.4
P**
How important do you think the queen bee is to the colony?
Not important 20 4.8
Parally important 9 2.2
Very important 383 93.0
P**
Do you know the queen bee quality criteria?
Yes 320 77.7
No 30 7.3
Not sure 62 15.0
P**
What is your queen bee sasfacon status in your colonies?
Good 201 48.8
Medium 201 48.8
Bad 10 2.4
P**
Total 412 100
*: P<0.05, **:P<0.01
6 of 9
Revista Cienca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
Received: 12/07/2024 Accepted: 29/10/2024 Published: xx/01/2025 1 of 7
https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e35488 Revista Cientíca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
ABSTRACT
Dimethoate (DMT) pesticide is one of the chemicals used to
protect some agricultural areas from harmful organisms. DMT
residues released directly or indirectly to the environment
cause serious problems in nature. DMT residues mixed with the
aquatic environment adversely affect aquatic organisms and
this effect is carried to humans through the food chain. In this
study, oxidative stress responses induced by DMT pesticide in
Pontastacusleptodactylus were investigated. For this purpose,
oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters Thiobarbituric acid
reactive substances (TBARS), Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide
dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase
(GPX) caused by dimethoate (DMT) pesticide in P. leptodactylus
at 17.5, 35, and 70 mg·L
-1
concentrations at 24 and 96 hours
were investigated. Results were determined using ELISA kits.
No signicant difference was observed in GSH levels and SOD
activities compared to control. Statistically signicant differences
were observed between decreases in CAT and GPx activities and
increases in TBARS levels. SPSS 24.0 package program one–way
ANOVA (Duncan 0.05) was used in the evaluation of biochemical
analyzes. As a result, it was determined that DMT caused oxidative
stress formation in P.leptodactylus and caused changes in enzyme
activities.
Key words: Dimethoate, Pontastacus leptodactylus, oxidative
stress, antioxidant, biomarkers
RESUMEN
El pesticida dimetoato (DMT) es uno de los productos químicos
utilizados para proteger algunas áreas agrícolas de organismos
nocivos. Los residuos de DMT liberados directa o indirectamente
al medio ambiente causan graves problemas en la naturaleza.
Los residuos de DMT mezclados con el medio acuático afectan
negativamente a los organismos acuáticos y este efecto se
transmite a los humanos a través de la cadena alimentaria. En este
estudio, se investigaron las respuestas al estrés oxidativo inducidas
por el pesticida DMT en Pontastacus leptodactylus. Para ello, se
investigaron el estrés oxidativo y los parámetros antioxidantes
Sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), glutatión
(GSH), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT) y glutatión
peroxidasa (GPX) causados por el pesticida dimetoato (DMT)
en P. leptodactylus en concentraciones de 17,5; 35 y 70 mg·L
-1
a las 24 y 96 horas. Los resultados se determinaron utilizando
kits de ELISA. No se observaron diferencias signicativas en los
niveles de GSH y las actividades de SOD en comparación con el
control. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente signicativas
entre disminuciones en las actividades de CAT y GPx y aumentos
en los niveles de TBARS. Se utilizó ANOVA unidireccional del
programa SPSS 24.0 (Duncan 0,05) en la evaluación de los análisis
bioquímicos. Como resultado, se determinó que el DMT provocó
la formación de estrés oxidativo en P. leptodactylus y provocó
cambios en las actividades enzimáticas.
Palabras clave: Dimetoato, Pontastacus leptodactylus, estrés
oxidativo, antioxidante, biomarcadores.
The effect of Dimethoate on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses
of Pontastacus leptodactylus
El efecto del dimetoato sobre el estrés oxidativo y las respuestas
antioxidantes de Pontastacus leptodactylus
Ayşe Nur Aydın1 , Hilal Bulut2* , Osman Serdar3
1Central Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Türkiye. Trabzon, Türkiye.
2Firat University, Fisheries Faculty. Elazig, Türkiye.
3Munzur University, Fisheries Faculty. Tunceli, Türkiye.
*Corresponding author: hhaykir@rat.edu.tr
UNIVERSIDAD
DEL ZULIA
Serbiluz
Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y
de Información
Biblioteca Digital
Repositorio Académico
In this study, the data of beekeepers’ opinions on current
beekeeping problems and colony losses are presented in TABLE
IV.
TABLE IV.
Beekeepers’ opinions about beekeeping problems and colony losses
Quesons Answers Frequency
n %
In your opinion,
what is the most
important problem
of beekeeping in
Türkiye?
High input costs 127 30.8
Agricultural spraying 59 14.3
Climate change 52 12.6
Inadequate markeng of bee
products 77 18.7
Incorrect support policies 28 6.8
Security and wild animal aacks 17 4.2
Inability to nd quality breeding
queen bees and colonies 52 12.6
P**
What do you think
is the most im-
portant reason for
colony loss in your
apiary?
Diseases and pests 218 52.9
Bee enemies (wasps, rodents,
bee-eaters) 64 15.5
Wintering condions 62 15.1
Nutrional deciency 42 10.2
Bee plundering 26 6.3
P**
What diseases
and pests do you
encounter most in
your apiary?
Varroa destructor 327 79.4
Unknown colony loss 44 10.6
Fool rot 19 4.6
Nosema 13 3.2
Lime and stone disease 9 2.2
P**
When do you com-
bat Varroa desru-
ctor?
In spring 18 4.3
In autumn 35 8.5
When Varroa desructor is seen 33 8.0
Early spring/Late autumn 317 77.0
I do not ght 9 2.2
P**
Total 412 100
**:P<0.01
In the present study, high input costs were stated as the most
important problem of Turkish beekeeping by 30.8%. Lack of mar-
keng of bee products was menoned by 18.7% of the beekeep-
ers, 14.3% of the beekeepers stated that it was caused by agricul-
tural pescides, 12.6% of the beekeepers stated climate change
and problems in the supply of quality breeding queens and colo-
nies. Security problems and wild animal aacks were menoned
by 4.2% and inaccuracy of support policies by 6.8% (P<0.01). İnci
et al. [27] in Bingöl, 44.7% of the beekeepers reported locaon
and accommodaon, 41.5% reported pescides, 10.6% reported
foreign beekeepers and 3.2% reported the problems. It is seen
that the data of this study are not compable with the ndings
of the present study. This dierence is due to the dierence be-
tween the local study and the Turkey-wide study and it shows
that there is no locaon and accommodaon problem in Turkey.
In addion, Köseman et al. [10] reported that the most important
beekeeping problem was the lack of quality breeders (68.45%) in
a similar study conducted in Malatya. The fact that this result is
considerably higher than the data of the present study indicates
that the problem of quality breeding has decreased recently since
the producers have been producing queen bees themselves.
The loss of colonies in honey bees is caused by the combined
stress eect of exisng and non-exisng diseases, pescides, lack
of oral resources, parts of semi-natural habitats and various
forms [41]. According to the results of the research, diseases and
pests are the most important factors causing colony losses with
52.9%. This is followed by bee enemies such as wasps, rodents,
bee birds with 15.5% and wintering condions with 15.1%. Nutri-
ent deciency and bee raiding were among the causes of loss with
10.2% and 6.3%, respecvely (P<0.01). These results are similar
to those of Şeker et al. [11] reported that the most important fac-
tor causing colony loss was diseases and pests (53.02%) in their
study conducted in Malatya. In addion, İnci et al. [27] in Bingöl
reported that 58.5% of the beekeepers received help from other
beekeepers in the control of bee diseases and pests.
The most common disease and pest encountered by bee-
keepers is Varroa destructor with 79.4%. It was determined that
the rates of unknown colony loss were 10.6%, brood rot 4.6%,
Nosema 3.2% and lime-stone disease 2.2% (P<0.01). When the
me of Varroa destructor control was examined, the majority
of beekeepers (77.0%) stated that they carried out this control
in early spring or late autumn. 8.5% fought in autumn, 4.3% in
spring, 8.0% fought against Varroa, and 2.2% did not ght at all
(P<0.01). Şeker et al. [11] reported in their study in Malatya that
the most common disease and pest encountered by beekeepers
in their apiaries was Varroa destructor (47.8%). The results of
the current study were found to be higher than the results of
this study. In another study, beekeepers reported that they ex-
perienced 81.2% wintering loss and that the highest loss (39.8%)
of these colony losses was due to the queen bee and 23.8% to
varroa [42]. It is thought that this dierence may be due to the
fact that it was done in dierent periods and that colony losses
due to varroa destructor may have increased in recent periods.
These data reveal the main problems faced by beekeepers
in Turkey and the main reasons for colony losses. Firstly, the fact
that high input costs are stated as the most important problem
shows the sustainability of the ow of beekeeping costs in the
sector. The fact that agricultural spraying and climate change are
among the important problems indicates the degree to which
extensive beekeeping has deteriorated. Agricultural systems can
increase colony losses that negavely aect bee health, and cli-
mate change can be linked to the prevenon of bees from di-
rectly accessing food sources. Exisng diseases and pests stand
out as the main reason for colony losses. This shows that dis-
eases and pests, which beekeepers constantly ght for colony
health, are the biggest factor in colony loss. The fact that Varroa
destructor is reported as the most common problem with a high
rate of 79.4% in parcular shows how crical it is for beekeeping
to collect this pest on a control basis for sustainability.
7 of 9
Loss of colonies in Beekeeping / Erten and Öztürk
Received: 12/07/2024 Accepted: 29/10/2024 Published: xx/01/2025 1 of 7
https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e35488 Revista Cientíca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
ABSTRACT
Dimethoate (DMT) pesticide is one of the chemicals used to
protect some agricultural areas from harmful organisms. DMT
residues released directly or indirectly to the environment
cause serious problems in nature. DMT residues mixed with the
aquatic environment adversely affect aquatic organisms and
this effect is carried to humans through the food chain. In this
study, oxidative stress responses induced by DMT pesticide in
Pontastacusleptodactylus were investigated. For this purpose,
oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters Thiobarbituric acid
reactive substances (TBARS), Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide
dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase
(GPX) caused by dimethoate (DMT) pesticide in P. leptodactylus
at 17.5, 35, and 70 mg·L
-1
concentrations at 24 and 96 hours
were investigated. Results were determined using ELISA kits.
No signicant difference was observed in GSH levels and SOD
activities compared to control. Statistically signicant differences
were observed between decreases in CAT and GPx activities and
increases in TBARS levels. SPSS 24.0 package program one–way
ANOVA (Duncan 0.05) was used in the evaluation of biochemical
analyzes. As a result, it was determined that DMT caused oxidative
stress formation in P.leptodactylus and caused changes in enzyme
activities.
Key words: Dimethoate, Pontastacus leptodactylus, oxidative
stress, antioxidant, biomarkers
RESUMEN
El pesticida dimetoato (DMT) es uno de los productos químicos
utilizados para proteger algunas áreas agrícolas de organismos
nocivos. Los residuos de DMT liberados directa o indirectamente
al medio ambiente causan graves problemas en la naturaleza.
Los residuos de DMT mezclados con el medio acuático afectan
negativamente a los organismos acuáticos y este efecto se
transmite a los humanos a través de la cadena alimentaria. En este
estudio, se investigaron las respuestas al estrés oxidativo inducidas
por el pesticida DMT en Pontastacus leptodactylus. Para ello, se
investigaron el estrés oxidativo y los parámetros antioxidantes
Sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), glutatión
(GSH), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT) y glutatión
peroxidasa (GPX) causados por el pesticida dimetoato (DMT)
en P. leptodactylus en concentraciones de 17,5; 35 y 70 mg·L
-1
a las 24 y 96 horas. Los resultados se determinaron utilizando
kits de ELISA. No se observaron diferencias signicativas en los
niveles de GSH y las actividades de SOD en comparación con el
control. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente signicativas
entre disminuciones en las actividades de CAT y GPx y aumentos
en los niveles de TBARS. Se utilizó ANOVA unidireccional del
programa SPSS 24.0 (Duncan 0,05) en la evaluación de los análisis
bioquímicos. Como resultado, se determinó que el DMT provocó
la formación de estrés oxidativo en P. leptodactylus y provocó
cambios en las actividades enzimáticas.
Palabras clave: Dimetoato, Pontastacus leptodactylus, estrés
oxidativo, antioxidante, biomarcadores.
The effect of Dimethoate on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses
of Pontastacus leptodactylus
El efecto del dimetoato sobre el estrés oxidativo y las respuestas
antioxidantes de Pontastacus leptodactylus
Ayşe Nur Aydın1 , Hilal Bulut2* , Osman Serdar3
1Central Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Türkiye. Trabzon, Türkiye.
2Firat University, Fisheries Faculty. Elazig, Türkiye.
3Munzur University, Fisheries Faculty. Tunceli, Türkiye.
*Corresponding author: hhaykir@rat.edu.tr
Received: 12/07/2024 Accepted: 29/10/2024 Published: xx/01/2025 1 of 7
https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e35488 Revista Cientíca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
ABSTRACT
Dimethoate (DMT) pesticide is one of the chemicals used to
protect some agricultural areas from harmful organisms. DMT
residues released directly or indirectly to the environment
cause serious problems in nature. DMT residues mixed with the
aquatic environment adversely affect aquatic organisms and
this effect is carried to humans through the food chain. In this
study, oxidative stress responses induced by DMT pesticide in
Pontastacusleptodactylus were investigated. For this purpose,
oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters Thiobarbituric acid
reactive substances (TBARS), Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide
dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase
(GPX) caused by dimethoate (DMT) pesticide in P. leptodactylus
at 17.5, 35, and 70 mg·L
-1
concentrations at 24 and 96 hours
were investigated. Results were determined using ELISA kits.
No signicant difference was observed in GSH levels and SOD
activities compared to control. Statistically signicant differences
were observed between decreases in CAT and GPx activities and
increases in TBARS levels. SPSS 24.0 package program one–way
ANOVA (Duncan 0.05) was used in the evaluation of biochemical
analyzes. As a result, it was determined that DMT caused oxidative
stress formation in P.leptodactylus and caused changes in enzyme
activities.
Key words: Dimethoate, Pontastacus leptodactylus, oxidative
stress, antioxidant, biomarkers
RESUMEN
El pesticida dimetoato (DMT) es uno de los productos químicos
utilizados para proteger algunas áreas agrícolas de organismos
nocivos. Los residuos de DMT liberados directa o indirectamente
al medio ambiente causan graves problemas en la naturaleza.
Los residuos de DMT mezclados con el medio acuático afectan
negativamente a los organismos acuáticos y este efecto se
transmite a los humanos a través de la cadena alimentaria. En este
estudio, se investigaron las respuestas al estrés oxidativo inducidas
por el pesticida DMT en Pontastacus leptodactylus. Para ello, se
investigaron el estrés oxidativo y los parámetros antioxidantes
Sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), glutatión
(GSH), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT) y glutatión
peroxidasa (GPX) causados por el pesticida dimetoato (DMT)
en P. leptodactylus en concentraciones de 17,5; 35 y 70 mg·L
-1
a las 24 y 96 horas. Los resultados se determinaron utilizando
kits de ELISA. No se observaron diferencias signicativas en los
niveles de GSH y las actividades de SOD en comparación con el
control. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente signicativas
entre disminuciones en las actividades de CAT y GPx y aumentos
en los niveles de TBARS. Se utilizó ANOVA unidireccional del
programa SPSS 24.0 (Duncan 0,05) en la evaluación de los análisis
bioquímicos. Como resultado, se determinó que el DMT provocó
la formación de estrés oxidativo en P. leptodactylus y provocó
cambios en las actividades enzimáticas.
Palabras clave: Dimetoato, Pontastacus leptodactylus, estrés
oxidativo, antioxidante, biomarcadores.
The effect of Dimethoate on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses
of Pontastacus leptodactylus
El efecto del dimetoato sobre el estrés oxidativo y las respuestas
antioxidantes de Pontastacus leptodactylus
Ayşe Nur Aydın1 , Hilal Bulut2* , Osman Serdar3
1Central Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Türkiye. Trabzon, Türkiye.
2Firat University, Fisheries Faculty. Elazig, Türkiye.
3Munzur University, Fisheries Faculty. Tunceli, Türkiye.
*Corresponding author: hhaykir@rat.edu.tr
UNIVERSIDAD
DEL ZULIA
Serbiluz
Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y
de Información
Biblioteca Digital
Repositorio Académico
CONCLUSİON
As a result, this study reveals the current problems of bee-
keepers and their perspecves on colony losses and evaluates
how sustainable producon can be achieved by addressing
the basic problems in the beekeeping sector. The demographic
structure, informaon sources, producon and markeng meth-
ods, and the basic problems encountered by the people en-
gaged in beekeeping in Turkey regarding queen bee supply and
management have been revealed. It has been determined that
the vast majority of beekeepers are male, middle-aged, married
and have higher educaon levels, and that they generally con-
sider beekeeping as an addional source of income. In addion,
the fact that the majority of beekeepers produce queen bees
and change queen bees every two years demonstrates an eort
to ensure connuous producon. According to the views of the
beekeepers, it is seen that colony losses, seasonal condions,
bee disease transmission, malnutrion and pescide use are
interconnected. In the light of these ndings, it is recommend-
ed that young beekeepers be included in the sector, as well as
more comprehensive educaon and markeng support for the
development of the beekeeping sector. The study emphasizes
the necessity of local and naonal policies and pracces for the
sustainability of the beekeeping sector and the reducon of col-
ony losses.
Conict of interest statement
The authors declare there is no conict of interest.
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8 of 9
Revista Cienca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
Received: 12/07/2024 Accepted: 29/10/2024 Published: xx/01/2025 1 of 7
https://doi.org/10.52973/rcfcv-e35488 Revista Cientíca, FCV-LUZ / Vol. XXXV
ABSTRACT
Dimethoate (DMT) pesticide is one of the chemicals used to
protect some agricultural areas from harmful organisms. DMT
residues released directly or indirectly to the environment
cause serious problems in nature. DMT residues mixed with the
aquatic environment adversely affect aquatic organisms and
this effect is carried to humans through the food chain. In this
study, oxidative stress responses induced by DMT pesticide in
Pontastacusleptodactylus were investigated. For this purpose,
oxidative stress and antioxidant parameters Thiobarbituric acid
reactive substances (TBARS), Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide
dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase
(GPX) caused by dimethoate (DMT) pesticide in P. leptodactylus
at 17.5, 35, and 70 mg·L
-1
concentrations at 24 and 96 hours
were investigated. Results were determined using ELISA kits.
No signicant difference was observed in GSH levels and SOD
activities compared to control. Statistically signicant differences
were observed between decreases in CAT and GPx activities and
increases in TBARS levels. SPSS 24.0 package program one–way
ANOVA (Duncan 0.05) was used in the evaluation of biochemical
analyzes. As a result, it was determined that DMT caused oxidative
stress formation in P.leptodactylus and caused changes in enzyme
activities.
Key words: Dimethoate, Pontastacus leptodactylus, oxidative
stress, antioxidant, biomarkers
RESUMEN
El pesticida dimetoato (DMT) es uno de los productos químicos
utilizados para proteger algunas áreas agrícolas de organismos
nocivos. Los residuos de DMT liberados directa o indirectamente
al medio ambiente causan graves problemas en la naturaleza.
Los residuos de DMT mezclados con el medio acuático afectan
negativamente a los organismos acuáticos y este efecto se
transmite a los humanos a través de la cadena alimentaria. En este
estudio, se investigaron las respuestas al estrés oxidativo inducidas
por el pesticida DMT en Pontastacus leptodactylus. Para ello, se
investigaron el estrés oxidativo y los parámetros antioxidantes
Sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), glutatión
(GSH), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT) y glutatión
peroxidasa (GPX) causados por el pesticida dimetoato (DMT)
en P. leptodactylus en concentraciones de 17,5; 35 y 70 mg·L
-1
a las 24 y 96 horas. Los resultados se determinaron utilizando
kits de ELISA. No se observaron diferencias signicativas en los
niveles de GSH y las actividades de SOD en comparación con el
control. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente signicativas
entre disminuciones en las actividades de CAT y GPx y aumentos
en los niveles de TBARS. Se utilizó ANOVA unidireccional del
programa SPSS 24.0 (Duncan 0,05) en la evaluación de los análisis
bioquímicos. Como resultado, se determinó que el DMT provocó
la formación de estrés oxidativo en P. leptodactylus y provocó
cambios en las actividades enzimáticas.
Palabras clave: Dimetoato, Pontastacus leptodactylus, estrés
oxidativo, antioxidante, biomarcadores.
The effect of Dimethoate on oxidative stress and antioxidant responses
of Pontastacus leptodactylus
El efecto del dimetoato sobre el estrés oxidativo y las respuestas
antioxidantes de Pontastacus leptodactylus
Ayşe Nur Aydın1 , Hilal Bulut2* , Osman Serdar3
1Central Fisheries Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Türkiye. Trabzon, Türkiye.
2Firat University, Fisheries Faculty. Elazig, Türkiye.
3Munzur University, Fisheries Faculty. Tunceli, Türkiye.
*Corresponding author: hhaykir@rat.edu.tr
UNIVERSIDAD
DEL ZULIA
Serbiluz
Sistema de Servicios Bibliotecarios y
de Información
Biblioteca Digital
Repositorio Académico
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